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991.
Alicke MD Buckingham J Zell E Davis T 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2008,34(10):1371-1381
Many counterfactual reasoning studies assess how people ascribe blame for harmful actions. By itself, the knowledge that a harmful outcome could easily have been avoided does not predict blame. In three studies, the authors showed that an outcome's mutability influences blame and related judgments when it is coupled with a basis for negative evaluations. Study 1 showed that mutability influenced blame and compensation judgments when a physician was negligent but not when the physician took reasonable precautions to prevent harm. Study 2 showed that this finding was attenuated when the victim contributed to his own demise. In Study 3, whether an actor just missed arriving on time to see his dying mother or had no chance to see her influenced his blameworthiness when his reason for being late provided a basis for negative evaluations but made no difference when there was a positive reason for the delay. These findings clarify the conditions under which an outcome's mutability is likely to influence blame and related attributions. 相似文献
992.
The separation between church and state (e.g., public education) is contentious. Furthermore, schools and many professional school counselors (PSCs) may choose to disregard and/or discount spirituality. This article (a) presents the importance of spirituality in counseling, (b) explores legal statutes and ethical standards relating to spirituality as a component of multiculturalism and professional school counseling, and (c) offers steps and strategies to support the ethical practice of PSCs. A case example and implications are discussed. 相似文献
993.
Goldston DB Molock SD Whitbeck LB Murakami JL Zayas LH Hall GC 《The American psychologist》2008,63(1):14-31
Ethnic groups differ in rates of suicidal behaviors among youths, the context within which suicidal behavior occurs (e.g., different precipitants, vulnerability and protective factors, and reactions to suicidal behaviors), and patterns of help-seeking. In this article, the authors discuss the cultural context of suicidal behavior among African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian American and Pacific Islander, and Latino adolescents, and the implications of these contexts for suicide prevention and treatment. Several cross-cutting issues are discussed, including acculturative stress and protective factors within cultures; the roles of religion and spirituality and the family in culturally sensitive interventions; different manifestations and interpretations of distress in different cultures; and the impact of stigma and cultural distrust on help-seeking. The needs for culturally sensitive and community- based interventions are discussed, along with future opportunities for research in intervention development and evaluation. 相似文献
994.
Rochelle C. Moss Deena Davis 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2008,36(4):219-230
Racial identity and self‐concept development in biracial students are examined. Because of biracial students' high incidence of academic and behavioral problems, this article includes a compilation of strategies for school counselors as well as schoolwide programs designed to reduce prejudice toward and increase acceptance of these students. A case study is used to illustrate strategies. Se examinaron la identidad racial y el desarrollo del autoconcepto en estudiantes birraciales. Debido a la alta incidencia de problemas académicos y de comportamiento por parte de estudiantes birraciales, este artículo incluye una recopilación de estrategias para consejeros escolares, además de programas escolares integrales designados para reducir los prejuicios contra estos alumnos e incrementar su aceptación. Se emplea un estudio de caso para ilustrar las estrategias. 相似文献
995.
996.
Brad Olson Stephen Soldz Martha Davis 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2008,3(1):3
The Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) task force was assembled by the American Psychological Association (APA)
to guide policy on the role of psychologists in interrogations at foreign detention centers for the purpose of U.S. national
security. The task force met briefly in 2005, and its report was quickly accepted by the APA Board of Directors and deemed
consistent with the APA Ethics Code by the APA Ethics Committee. This rapid acceptance was unusual for a number of reasons
but primarily because of the APA's long-standing tradition of taking great care in developing ethical policies that protected
anyone who might be impacted by the work of psychologists. Many psychological and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as
well as reputable journalists, believed the risk of harm associated with psychologist participation in interrogations at these
detention centers was not adequately addressed by the report. The present critique analyzes the assumptions of the PENS report
and its interpretations of the APA Ethics Code. We demonstrate that it presents only one (and not particularly representative)
side of a complex set of ethical issues. We conclude with a discussion of more appropriate psychological contributions to
national security and world peace that better respect and preserve human rights. 相似文献
997.
Ramenzoni VC Riley MA Shockley K Davis T 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2008,61(10):1487-1495
The authors investigated how changes in action capabilities affect estimation of affordances for another actor. Observers estimated maximum jumping-reach height for themselves and another actor. Half of the observers wore ankle weights that reduced their jumping ability. The ankle weights reduced estimates of maximum jumping-reach height that observers made for themselves and for the other actor, but only after observers had the opportunity to walk while wearing the weights. Changes in estimates closely matched changes in actual jumping-reach ability. Results confirm and extend recent investigations that indicate that perception of the spatial layout of surfaces in the environment is scaled to an observer's capacity to act, and they link that approach to another embodied cognition perspective that posits a link between one's own action capabilities and perception of the actions of other agents. 相似文献
998.
Davis DS 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》2008,18(2):125-148
This paper probes the implications of a genetic basis for sexual orientation for traditional branches of Judaism, which are struggling with how accepting to be of noncelibate gays and lesbians in their communities. The paper looks at the current attitudes toward homosexuality across the different branches of Judaism; social and cultural factors that work against acceptance; attitudes toward science in Jewish culture; and the likelihood that scientific evidence that sexual orientation is at least partly genetically determined will influence Jewish scholars' and leaders' thinking on this issue. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Rachel Lucas‐Thompson Wendy A. Goldberg Gary R. Germo Meret A. Keller Elysia P. Davis Curt A. Sandman 《Infant and child development》2009,18(6):521-544
The objective of this short‐term longitudinal study was to examine the concurrent and prospective associations of infants' sleep arrangements and night waking with cortisol responses to an inoculation at 6 and 12 months, controlling for several key covariates. To our knowledge, this was the first study to concurrently and prospectively link proximity in sleep arrangements and night waking to physiological stress reactivity. A sample of 92 mother–infant dyads participated in the study when the infants were 6 and 12 months of age, although sample sizes were reduced for some analyses. Both proximal cosleeping arrangements and more frequent night wakings' were associated concurrently with an increased cortisol response to inoculations at both ages. Night waking at 6 months also was associated with a slightly increased cortisol response to inoculation at 12 months. Results aimed at exploring the direction of influence suggested that cosleeping and night waking may influence infant stress physiology rather than the reverse. Adaptive and maladaptive implications of infants' nocturnal experiences and greater stress‐induced cortisol responses are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献