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871.
Wilson DA 《History of psychology》2003,6(1):89-109
Why was there a preponderance of women engaged in laboratory-based studies of animal behavior in Britain in the early years of the 20th century? As a new experimental subject with recently neglected potential, animal psychology then represented an opportunity for women to make further inroads into academic science. Because the study of psychology before World War I offered negligible professional opportunities for the application of the subject, the intake of students was restricted. Perhaps this encouraged academic access to it by aspiring female scientists who felt that career prospects, uncertain and socially unexpected of them in any case, were worth chancing for greater long-term rewards. The academic circumstances and contributions of 3 British female pioneers in experimental comparative psychology are discussed. 相似文献
872.
873.
874.
The psychometric properties of several commonly used verbal working memory measures were assessed. One hundred thirty-nine
individuals in five age groups (18–30, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80+ years) were tested twice (Time I and Time II) on seven
working memory span measures (alphabet span, backward digit span, missing digit span, subtract 2 span, running item span,
and sentence span for syntactically simple and complex sentences), with an interval of approximately 6 weeks between testing.
There were significant effects of age on all but two of the tasks. All the measures had adequate internal consistency. Correlations
between performances at Time I and Time II were significant for all the tasks, other than the missing digit span task. The
magnitude of the correlations was similar across the age groups and ranged from .52 to .81. Classification of subjects into
discrete memory span groups on the basis of a single measure was highly inconsistent across testing sessions and tasks. Classification
into upper and lower quartiles was more stable than using a cutoff score for group membership or than classification into
high-, medium-, and low-span groups. Correlational analyses showed that there was a moderate relationship between performances
on many of the span tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that six of the seven tasks reflected a common factor. Both
test—retest reliability and stability of classification improved when a composite measure reflecting performance on several
tasks was used. 相似文献
875.
Scaling techniques for modeling directional knowledge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A common way for researchers to model or graphically portray spatial knowledge of a large environment is by applying multidimensional
scaling (MDS) to a set of pairwise distance estimations. We introduce two MDS-like techniques that incorporate people’s knowledge
of directions instead of (or in addition to) their knowledge of distances. Maps of a familiar environment derived from these
procedures were more accurate and were rated by participants as being more accurate than those derived from nonmetric MDS.
By incorporating people’s relatively accurate knowledge of directions, these methods offer spatial cognition researchers and
behavioral geographers a sharper analytical tool than MDS for studying cognitive maps. 相似文献
876.
In this study, we describe and analyze the ways in which high school students explored a virtual solar system (VSS). VSS is
a nonimmersive virtual environment that affords visual manipulations of space by altering its frame of reference. The Observer
software was used to code and analyze the participants’ real-time free-exploration task. Two basic behaviors were identified
across participants: establishing several home bases, and shifting between a still mode and a dynamic mode. Moreover, three
overall exploration patterns emerged: thebutterfly pattern represents a superficial mode of learning; thebee pattern represents an in-depth mode of studying the various celestial objects; and theeagle pattern represents a global approach of studying the complex system. This virtual reality environment promises to provide
a setting in which to further study consistent patterns and individual differences in exploration strategies. 相似文献
877.
Belgum D 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2003,57(1):39-44
The author, acknowledging the reality of homeless persons in most communities, explores the meanings and dynamics of homelessness, and the need to recognize the variety of participants needing to be recognized in appreciating the complexity of this segment of society. He raises the issue of how pastoral caregivers become involved in providing authentic care to this sub-culture and offers examples from his own experiences as a volunteer chaplain in the Salvation Army Corps. 相似文献
878.
Previous literature has argued that proficient bilingual speakers often demonstrate monolingual-equivalent structural processing of language (e.g., the processing of structural ambiguities; Frenck-Mestre, 2002). In this paper, we explore this thesis further via on-line examination of the processing of syntactically complex structures with three populations: those who classify as monolingual native English speaker (MNES), those who classify as non-native English speakers (NNES), and those who calssify as bilingual native English speakers (BNES). On-line measures of processing of object-relative constructions demonstrated that both NNES and BNES have different patterns of performance as compared to MNES. Further, NNES and BNES speakers perform differently from one another in such processing. The study also examines the activation of lexical information in biasing contexts, and suggests that different processes are at work in the different type of bilinguals examined here. The nature of these differences and the implications for developing sensitive models of on-line language comprehension are developed and discussed. 相似文献
879.
This study explored the effect of gender on managers' conceptions and perceptions of those behaviors seen as demonstrating commitment to the organization. Three major findings are reported: (1) female managers and male managers with families evaluated traditional commitment behaviors as less indicative of commitment than their single male counterparts; (2) managers' conceptions of behaviors indicative of commitment conformed to the views of the majority gender within their work-group; and (3) managers' perceptions of commitment were not affected by gender-based in-group biases. 相似文献
880.
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) produce a high rate of semantic errors when naming to confrontation. This is considered to be one of the many consequences of their semantic memory deficit. However, it has been shown, in aphasic patients with focal lesions, that semantic errors could arise from impairment to any one of the levels in the naming process. To check this hypothesis in AD, we assessed in 15 patients the capacity to name and access semantic knowledge (by multiple-choice probe questions) about 14 objects presented successively in the visual, tactile, auditory, and verbal modalities. In the visual naming task, 33 errors were recorded: 26 (78.8%) were semantic and 7 (21.2%) were unrelated errors. Of the 26 semantic errors, 8 were related to a deficit of the semantic knowledge related to the item and 17 to a deficit in the retrieval of the phonological form of the word. One was associated with a deficit of access to semantic knowledge in the visual modality. The 7 unrelated errors were associated with a loss of semantic knowledge for 4 and deficit of access to the phonological form for 3. In conclusion, this study shows that semantic errors do not systematically reflect a deficit of semantic knowledge in Alzheimer's disease. It also seems that unrelated errors are more frequently related to semantic deficits than semantic errors in this population. 相似文献