Similarity of schematic faces: A test of

In this study we obtained direct and comparative judgments of the dissimilarity between schematic faces varying on three binary attributes. These data were used to test the hypothesis that the overall dissimilarity between faces can be decomposed (in an ordinal sense) into three additive components, one for each attribute. The hypothesis was strongly confirmed by both the direct and the comparative judgments. The study illustrates the possible usefulness of the measurement-theoretic analysis of simple combination mies for psychological dimensions.     

Frequency discrimination near masked threshold

Frequency DLs (Δf) at 1000 Hz were obtained in quiet and under masking conditions similar to those used in pitch-shift experiments, narrow-band noise at levels of 60, 80, and 100 dB SPL and tones at 15 dB SL or less. The Δfs were obtained by means of a tracking task in which the S controlled the input voltage to a frequency modulator. Characteristic improvement was seen when Δf was plotted as a function of sensation level. However, noise level itself was a significant factor, with more intense noise resulting in larger Δfs for tones of equal sensation level re masked threshold. This departure from previous findings is attributed to the signal and noise levels used, although the possibility exists that it is due to the use of modulated tones.     

On the rate of stimulus occlusion during intermittent retinal stimulation

The CFF was determined with three sectored disks, each of which corresponded to one of the three rings in a Helmholtz disk. The fusion frequency is identical for all three rings of a Helmholtz disk but with the three sectored disks it was found that the rate of stimulus occlusion is a major factor in determining the CFF. It was tentatively concluded that the effect was not a consequence of different stimulus wave-forms. The phenomenon appears to have been reported late in the last century.     

Similarity judgments of line length

Nine Ss judged similarity of pairs of lines on a scale from 0 to 100, and 14 Ss made magnitude estimations of similarity of pairs of lines. The two scales of similarity were linearly related. Scale values for subjective length were obtained in one dimension using a nonmetric multidimensional analysis. Subjective length was found to be logarithmically related to objective length, and similarity was found to be an exponential     

Orientation of letters and errors in their recognition

Subjects named alphabetic characters that had been rotated, reflected, or inverted. Inversions induce more errors than mirror reflections and reflections induce more than rotations. In a significant number of mistakes a transformed character was assumed to be normally oriented, but in most a transformed character was confused with the mirror image of the original. The data suggest the existence of an “orientation set” in which the identiflcation of ambiguous characters depends largely on their anticipated orientation. The individuality of the data for the different orientations suggests that different transformations are compensated for in part by different mechanisms.     

Verbal interference in a perceptual comparison task

When Ss had to indicate if the colors of pairs of items from the Stroop test were the same or different, the usual interference effect was completely eliminated. However, when the verbal information consisted of SAME and DIFF rather than color names, interference was reestablished. This indicates that the perceptual comparison task does not eliminate interference simply by rendering Ss insensitive to the meanings of words.     

Group Dynamics—Boon or Bane?

In our society an increasingly greater emphasis is being placed on group interaction and decision-making. Persons participating in such a process often use the term “group dynamics” to describe what is thought to be a social-psychological phenomenon. This article discusses some of the elements of “true” group characteristics and effects, and their possible existence in “group dynamic” situations. The article also deals with the implications of the effects of these elements in “group dynamic” environments on educational and administrative leadership and decision-making.     

Experimental control of superstitious responding in humans

Superstitions were demonstrated with human subjects when presses on one button were reinforced on a VI 30-sec schedule while presses on a second were never reinforced. Superstitious responding, on the second button, was often maintained because presses on that button were frequently followed by reinforcement for a subsequent press on the first button. The introduction of a changeover delay (COD), which separated in time presses on the second button and subsequent reinforced presses on the first button, reduced or eliminated the superstitious responding of these subjects. Some complex superstitions were also demonstrated with other subjects for which the COD was in effect from the beginning of the session.     

Increased eating in rats deprived of running

Daily food intake in rats was temporarily reduced by the introduction of an activity wheel and temporarily increased by the subsequent removal of the wheel. When this outcome is coupled with the positive relation between food deprivation and running—and food deprivation is seen as a loss of eating rather than as a physiological state—there is the suggestion that the total behavior output of the organism may be regulated as such. Specifically, when the rat is deprived of a behavior that recurrently comprises a large part of its total daily activity, an increase may occur in some other behavior.