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271.
David B. Porter 《Behavior research methods》1995,27(2):229-234
Computer games offer unique opportunities to apply unobtrusive constraints to action that permit meaningful analysis without destroying the integrity of the game itself. To a much greater extent than most traditional laboratory tasks, computer games represent holistic, meaningful, and natural human activity. Considerable concern about the appropriate analysis and interpretation of results, however, remains. One strategy that addresses these concerns involves the adoption of separate but convergent analytic perspectives. This article suggests that three such perspectives (viz., the objective, the subjective, and the empirical) can be combined to provide the necessary logical leverage to allow meaningful research. Alternative analyses of data collected from the playing of a particular arcade-type computer game are used to illustrate this point. 相似文献
272.
John B. Jolly Psy.D. Jeffrey N. Wherry David C. Wiesner Douglas H. Reed J. Chris Rule Janet M. Jolly 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1994,22(6):691-702
This study examined the mediating role of anxiety in the self-reports of somatic complaints in 96 depressed adolescent inpatients. Sixty-four subjects with major depressive episodes and comorbid anxiety disorders (MDE-A) determined from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) reported significantly more somatic complaints than 32 adolescents having major depressive episodes without comorbid anxiety (MDE). An analysis of covariance demonstrated that, with anxiety symptoms controlled, MDE and MDE-A groups did not differ significantly in somatic complaints. A hierarchical multiple-regression analysis revealed that, with demographic and anxiety symptoms controlled, depressive symptoms did not contribute to the explanation or prediction of somatic complaints. The results suggest that anxious, but not depressive symptoms, are independently associated with somatic complaints. The results are discussed in light of new affective models of psychopathology. 相似文献
273.
Dr. David M. Fergusson L. John Horwood Michael T. Lynskey 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1994,22(3):339-354
The correlations and comorbidities of a series of adolescent problem behaviors were studied in a sample of 739 New Zealand 15-year-olds. This analysis revealed the presence of strong comorbidities between different problem behaviors. The data were modeled using methods of unrestricted latent class analysis and this suggested that the best fitting model to describe the data was one which assumed that adolescent problem behaviors were described by four general classes of children. While the same general four-class model applied to males and females, there were marked gender differences in the rates of problems. Specifically, the predominant problem behaviors in females were those relating to an accelerated transition to adulthood marked by early sexual activity, alcohol abuse, and cannabis use whereas the predominant problems for boys were related to antisocial and law-breaking behaviors. Rates of children with no problems (85%) and with multiple problems (3%) were similar for boys and girls.This research was funded by grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, the Canterbury Medical Research Foundation, and the National Child Health Research Foundation. 相似文献
274.
Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
David Dooley Ralph Catalano Georjeanna Wilson 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(6):745-765
Studies that have found an association between unemployment and psychological depression often fail to establish the direction
of causal influence. Analyses of Epidemiologic Catchment Area panel data revealed that of employed respondents not diagnosed
with major depression at first interview, those who became unemployed had over twice the risk of increased depressive symptoms
and of becoming clinically depressed as those who continued employed. Although the increase in symptoms was statistically
significant, the effect on clinical depression was not, possibly because of the low power of the test. The reverse causal
path from clinical depression at Time 1 to becoming unemployed by Time 2 was not supported. The unemployment rate in the respondent's
community at time of interview was not related directly to psychological depression but appeared associated indirectly with
depression via its impact on the risk of becoming unemployed. Implications for policy and further research were discussed.
The research described in this paper was supported by Grant #5 RO1 AA08379-02 from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism. The authors appreciate the suggestions provided by members of the Consortium for Research Involving Stress
Processes sponsored by the W. T. Grant Foundation and by two anonymous journal reviewers. 相似文献
275.
Carl Latkin Wallace Mandell David Vlahov Maria Oziemkowska Amy Knowlton David Celentano 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(3):415-430
Information is sparse on the social context of illicit drug injection behaviors and their relationship to HIV infection. This
study examined relationships between injection settings, injecting with others, and HIV risk behaviors of sharing needles
and not cleaning contaminated needles in a sample of 630 inner-city injecting drug users in Baltimore, MD. Through open-ended
interviews, five primary settings of injection behavior were identified. These settings included one's own, friends' and mother's
residence, shooting galleries, and semipublic areas. Most participants reported injecting in their own residence (92%) and
friends' residence (86%) in the prior 6 months. In a multiple regression analysis, injecting at friends' residence, in shooting
galleries, and in semipublic areas and frequency of injecting with others were significantly associated with frequency of
sharing uncleaned needles, “slipping” (i.e., failure to disinfect shared needles), and not always cleaning used needles before
injecting. Results suggest that interventions may benefit from targeting settings as well as behaviors to reduce the spread
of HIV.
This research was supported by grants DA04334, DA05911, DA06313, and DA08985 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. 相似文献
276.
David K. Henderson 《Synthese》1994,101(2):129-156
By a macro-level feature, I understand any feature that supervenes on, and is thus realized in, lower-level features. Recent discussions by Kim have suggested that such features cannot be causally relevant insofar as they are not classically reducible to lower-level features. This seems to render macro-level features causally irrelevant. I defend the causal relevance of some such features. Such features have been thought causally relevant in many examples that have underpinned philosophical work on causality. Additionally, in certain typical biological cases, we conceive of causally relevant features at various compatible levels of analysis. When elaborated, these points make a strong prima facie case for macro-level causal relevance. However, we might abandon both the philosophical guideposts and the corresponding explanatory practice in the special sciences were we convinced that no reflective philosophical account could provide for the causal relevance there supposed. I show that such drastic measures are not necessary, for we can make sense of macro-level causal relevance by drawing on Paul Humphreys' recent work in ways suggested by the concrete examples considered here.Some of the work on this paper was undertaken at the 1991 NEH Summer Seminar on Causality, directed by Paul Humphreys. I wish to thank my fellow participants, and Paul Humphreys, John Tienson, and Terry Horgan for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
277.
David Resnik 《Erkenntnis》1994,40(3):343-355
InScience and Values (1984) and other, more recent, works, e.g. (1987a, 1987b, 1989a, 1989b, 1990), Larry Laudan proposes a theory of scientific debate he dubs the reticulated model of scientific rationality (Laudan, 1984, pp. 50–66). The model stands in sharp contrast to hierarchical approaches to rationality exemplified by Popper (1959), Hempel (1965), and Reichenbach (1938), as well as the conventionalist views of rationality defended by Carnap (1950), Popper (1959), Kuhn (1962), and Lakatos (1978). Ironically, the model commits some of the same errors Laudan finds in hierarchicalist and conventionalists approaches to scientific rationality. This paper will show that the model can be fixed by recognizing that criteria of goal assessment have no privileged status. These rules are best viewed as simply rules of rationality (or rules of scientific method) by another name. 相似文献
278.
279.
Four empirical studies of the roles of self-report questionnaires, tests, and ratings in employment interviews, staff appraisal,
and personnel validation surveys are presented in order to examine the number and relationships of psychological constructs
derived from data provided by candidates, employees, and their assessors. Test results are related to different kinds of criteria,
including job offers following interview, supervisor ratings on the job, and objective indices of work performance. From the
practices reported and observed in these various contexts, a theory of personal appraisal mechanisms in occupational settings
is derived using data reduction and linear regression methods. Applications of cognitive information processing theory to
self-reports and ratings by individuals, and of exchange theory to the social context of panel discussions among assessors,
provide a key to understanding why psychometric measures of personal qualities vary in their power to predict work performance
in spite of consistent construct validity. 相似文献
280.
S. Alvin Leung David Ivey Lisa Suzuki 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,72(4):404-410
The authors compared the career considerations of a group of Asian American college students (52 men and 72 women) with a comparison group of Caucasian students (95 men and 151 women) using an Occupations List. The results revealed that Asian American students were more likely to have considered Investigative occupations and less likely to have considered Enterprising and Conventional occupations than were the Caucasian students. There were also differences in the career considerations of the two racial groups in terms of the prestige level and gender traditionality of the occupations. The implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献