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991.
Anjan Chakravartty 《Synthese》2010,172(2):197-213
Recent work in the philosophy of science has generated an apparent conflict between theories attempting to explicate the nature
of scientific representation. On one side, there are what one might call ‘informational’ views, which emphasize objective
relations (such as similarity, isomorphism, and homomorphism) between representations (theories, models, simulations, diagrams,
etc.) and their target systems. On the other side, there are what one might call ‘functional’ views, which emphasize cognitive
activities performed in connection with these targets, such as interpretation and inference. The main sources of the impression
of conflict here are arguments by some functionalists to the effect that informational theories are flawed: it is suggested
that relations typically championed by informational theories are neither necessary nor sufficient for scientific representation,
and that any theory excluding functions is inadequate. In this paper I critically examine these arguments, and contend that,
as it turns out, informational and functional theories are importantly complementary. 相似文献
992.
Alan Levin 《Axiomathes》2010,20(4):423-437
We develop a general method for applying functional models to natural systems and cite recent progress in protein modeling
that demonstrates the power of this approach. Functional modeling constrains the range of acceptable structural models of
a system, reduces the difficulty of finding them, and improves their fidelity. However, functional models are distinctly different
from the structural models that are more commonly applied in science. In particular, structural and functional models ask
different questions and provide different kinds of answers. As we clarify these differences and articulate how to use these
models jointly, we extend our ability to do science and gain insight into the proper use of the terms organization, order, and emergence when describing systems in nature. 相似文献
993.
994.
The aim of the study was to elucidate whether and how reliance on a second language impacts the learning of new information
under very basic learning conditions. The paradigm used to investigate this issue required individuals to learn a series of
associations between numerals and particular letter strings. Participants were two groups of university students: (1) individuals
for whom spoken Hebrew was the mother tongue and written Hebrew a primary orthography (L1 group), and (2) individuals for
whom Hebrew, both spoken and written, was a second language (L2 group). Data were collected under two conditions. In the language-dependent
condition (LDC), the paradigm required learning associations between eight numerals and the letter strings of eight familiar
Hebrew words. In the language-independent condition (LIC), it required learning associations between eight numerals and eight
random letter strings in Hebrew. Results suggest that learners may be significantly disadvantaged when compelled to learn
new information mediated in a second language. This disadvantage appears to manifest itself at a very basic learning level
and in instances where new information is mediated by language that is fairly overlearned by the L2 learner. 相似文献
995.
996.
Daniel Z. Korman 《Philosophical Studies》2010,149(3):387-393
Kripke maintains that one who stipulatively introduces the term ‘one meter’ as a rigid designator for the length of a certain
stick s at time t is in a position to know a priori that if s exists at t then the length of s at t is one meter. Some (e.g.,
Soames 2003) have objected to this alleged instance of the contingent a priori on the grounds that the stipulator's knowledge
would have to be based in part on substantive metalinguistic knowledge. I examine Soames's argument for the a posteriority
of the relevant metalinguistic knowledge, and I argue that its main premise is false. 相似文献
997.
David Bittner 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(2):262-273
In this paper, an aging baby boomer “tells all” about his personal experience with some of the “pitfalls of organized religion,”
as observed from his somewhat unusual perspective as a Jew by birth and a Roman Catholic by choice, and a lifelong Asperger’s
sufferer, the butt of practical jokes in a variety of juvenile and adult settings. His conclusion, echoing H.L. Mencken’s
famous statement that “the cure for the evils of democracy is more democracy,” is that the best antidote to these “pitfalls”
may be found simply in the responsible practice of religion, including both Judaism and Christianity. The author also believes his own survival in life despite
some “ogres and tricksters” along the way validates the Jungian philosophy of synchronicity. He believes that the storms of
life are best weathered by accepting them as parts of a Merciful Providence’s “vast eternal plans” for all His children on
Earth. 相似文献
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