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941.
942.
Andrew Smart 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(6):630-639
This paper reports data from a qualitative study of patient experiences of DNA testing and cascade screening for hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy and long QT syndrome, cardiac conditions that place sufferers at risk of sudden death. The paper particularly
focuses on potential impediments to testing and screening. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample
of 27 people in the UK who had undergone testing. In the context of the uncertainties that can characterize experiences of
these disorders, the majority of participants in this sample embraced testing and screening as a way of providing health information
for themselves or their relatives (particularly children). There was nevertheless evidence of ambivalence about the value
and impact of the DNA test information which could influence participants’ dispositions toward testing, and play into dilemmas
about family communication. Other concerns arose in relation to communicating about these disorders, decisions to involve
elderly relatives and pressures relating to family responsibility. The evidence of ambivalence provides insight into why some
people may be resistant to testing, screening and sharing information. The findings about communication processes indicate
potential areas of concern for the cascading process. 相似文献
943.
Thomas Schramme 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2010,31(1):1-4
The concept of mental disorder is often defined by reference to the notion of mental dysfunction, which is in line with how
the concept of disease in somatic medicine is often defined. However, the notions of mental function and dysfunction seem
to suffer from some problems that do not affect models of physiological function. Functions in general have a teleological
structure; they are effects of traits that are supposed to have a particular purpose, such that, for example, the heart serves
the goal of pumping blood. But can we single out mental functions in the same way? Can we identify mental functions scientifically,
for instance, by applying evolutionary theory? Or are models of mental functions necessarily value-laden? I want to identify
several philosophical problems regarding the notion of mental function and dysfunction and point out some possible solutions.
As long as these questions remain unanswered, definitions of mental disorder that rest upon the concept of mental dysfunction
will lack a secure foundation. 相似文献
944.
Guy Sela 《Res Publica》2010,16(3):317-331
Adversaries of Moral Luck (AMLs) are at pains to explain why wrongdoers are liable to bear burdens (punishment, compensation
etc.) which are related to the harm they cause, because the consequences of what we do are a matter of luck. One attempt to
solve this problem suggests that wrongdoers who cause more harm are liable to bear a greater burden not because they are more
blameworthy but rather because they get the short straw in a liability lottery (represented by the apparently indeterminate
causal process). In this paper I argue that this attempt fails on several grounds. Apart from the fact that it is hard to
see how the implementation of liability lotteries can be motivated and the fact that such scheme presupposes a political order
(whereas the notion of liability does not seem to presuppose one), detaching liability from the outcomes of a culpable action
undermines whichever justifications there were for imposing liability in the first place. Moreover, relying on the determination
of the causal process as a good indication of the wrongdoer’s degree of culpability is mistaken, because the luck brought
about through the causal process is not necessarily the only element involved in cases of harmful conduct which lies beyond
the wrongdoers’ control. 相似文献
945.
We investigated the role of vision in tactile enumeration within and outside the subitizing range. Congenitally blind and
sighted (blindfolded) participants were asked to enumerate quickly and accurately the number of fingers stimulated. Both groups
of participants enumerated one to three fingers quickly and accurately but were much slower and less accurate with four to
nine fingers. Within the subitizing range, blind participants performed no differently from both sighted (blindfolded) and
sighted-seeing participants. Outside of the subitizing range, blind and sighted-seeing participants showed better performance
than did sighted-blindfolded participants, suggesting that lack of access to the predominant sensory modality does affect
performance. Together, these findings further support the claim that subitizing is a general perceptual mechanism and demonstrate
that vision is not necessary for the development of the subitizing mechanism. 相似文献
946.
Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(5):617-630
In this article, I unmoor the concept of heresy from its religious, technical roots, using the metaphor heresies of the heart
to depict the psychological and theological dynamics of the human proclivity to rely on the idea of Truth to alienate, depersonalize,
and coerce other human beings. Using the concepts of the personal mode of existence and emotional intelligence, I define heresies
of the heart as comprising (a) those emotional attitudes that involve the transformation of insecurity and anxiety into hostility
and hatred toward the Other, (b) recognition and treatment of the Other as less than a person, and (c) unquestionable beliefs
regarding one’s truth and the certainty of one’s innocence. Theologically, heresies of the heart signify the presence of idolatry,
which is a type of bad faith that involves the use of a contingent object to contain anxiety by transforming it into hostility
toward the Other. 相似文献
947.
Anjan Chakravartty 《Synthese》2010,172(2):197-213
Recent work in the philosophy of science has generated an apparent conflict between theories attempting to explicate the nature
of scientific representation. On one side, there are what one might call ‘informational’ views, which emphasize objective
relations (such as similarity, isomorphism, and homomorphism) between representations (theories, models, simulations, diagrams,
etc.) and their target systems. On the other side, there are what one might call ‘functional’ views, which emphasize cognitive
activities performed in connection with these targets, such as interpretation and inference. The main sources of the impression
of conflict here are arguments by some functionalists to the effect that informational theories are flawed: it is suggested
that relations typically championed by informational theories are neither necessary nor sufficient for scientific representation,
and that any theory excluding functions is inadequate. In this paper I critically examine these arguments, and contend that,
as it turns out, informational and functional theories are importantly complementary. 相似文献
948.
Alan Levin 《Axiomathes》2010,20(4):423-437
We develop a general method for applying functional models to natural systems and cite recent progress in protein modeling
that demonstrates the power of this approach. Functional modeling constrains the range of acceptable structural models of
a system, reduces the difficulty of finding them, and improves their fidelity. However, functional models are distinctly different
from the structural models that are more commonly applied in science. In particular, structural and functional models ask
different questions and provide different kinds of answers. As we clarify these differences and articulate how to use these
models jointly, we extend our ability to do science and gain insight into the proper use of the terms organization, order, and emergence when describing systems in nature. 相似文献
949.
950.
The aim of the study was to elucidate whether and how reliance on a second language impacts the learning of new information
under very basic learning conditions. The paradigm used to investigate this issue required individuals to learn a series of
associations between numerals and particular letter strings. Participants were two groups of university students: (1) individuals
for whom spoken Hebrew was the mother tongue and written Hebrew a primary orthography (L1 group), and (2) individuals for
whom Hebrew, both spoken and written, was a second language (L2 group). Data were collected under two conditions. In the language-dependent
condition (LDC), the paradigm required learning associations between eight numerals and the letter strings of eight familiar
Hebrew words. In the language-independent condition (LIC), it required learning associations between eight numerals and eight
random letter strings in Hebrew. Results suggest that learners may be significantly disadvantaged when compelled to learn
new information mediated in a second language. This disadvantage appears to manifest itself at a very basic learning level
and in instances where new information is mediated by language that is fairly overlearned by the L2 learner. 相似文献