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71.
In recent years, scholars have attempted to understand the role of information in policymaking by developing several models
of information utilization and have tested them empirically, at both national and state levels. This paper has called into
question past studies as they relate to describing and explaining use of information. This paper tests an integrated model
of information utilization that contains four sets of primary variables: decision makers’ environments (i.e., nature of policy
issues), organization, individual characteristics, and characteristics of information. Based on the conceptual framework,
a path model is built and tested against data about knowledge utilization and policy change in two areas of mental health
policy (i.e., service and financing). The findings of the study have demonstrated that decision makers’ behavior does not
conform to the assumptions put forward by either the organizational interest (e.g., information source or content of information)
or the communications perspective (e.g., decision makers’ attitudes toward social science research). Instead, we have shown
that information utilization is affected directly and indirectly by a variety of factors and their linkage, and not dominated
by one set of factors that is defined by a singe perspective. The most important paths in the model are those between factors
associated with information (e.g., the amount of information received or information source) and the use of information. Interestingly,
these factors also play the role of major intervening mechanisms for linking other factors to decision makers’ use of information.
More importantly, the general pattern of the findings indicates that policy areas make a difference in the process of information
utilization. 相似文献
72.
73.
The method and major findings of a complex, 'pluralist' evaluation, which investigated the effectiveness of the counselling provision of an employee support and counselling service in a local authority education department over 22 months, are outlined. Reference is made to the underlying philosophical approach of integrated pluralist evaluation, which may represent a significant step forward from the accepted methods of triangulation. In addition to achieving predicted high satisfaction rates from clients, counsellors and clients both indicated significant improvements in all measures used. These were maintained at follow-up which took place at intervals from 1 to 18 months after counselling had ended. Reduction in absenteeism post-counselling suggested the possibility of very substantial revenue savings. Responses also indicated the acute, and often chronic, need for employee counselling provision in the education system. 相似文献
74.
Robert F. Rich 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1997,10(3):11-24
Studies of knowledge utilization in public policy-making have important practical and theoretical implications. Accordingly,
a voluminous work has been done on understanding and explaining the process of knowledge utilization (see Rich and Oh, 1993).
However, we can easily find that there is the conspicuous absence of a greatly expanded understanding of the use of knowledge
from those studies (Mandell and Sauter, 1984). Taken as a whole, empirical studies in the area of knowledge utilization have
suffered from several critical problems (see Rich, 1991; Oh, 1996a). More importantly, there appears to be serious conceptual
and methodological gaps which need to be filled. This article focuses on one of the most significant methodological problems:
measuring “knowledge utilization” from an evaluation perspective and offers some suggestions for future studies. 相似文献
75.
Geschwind and Galaburda (1987) proposed that immune disorder (ID) susceptibility, along with left handedness and familial sinistrality (FS), is a "marker" for anomalous dominance. The theory predicts lesser left lateralization for language processes, lessened left hemisphere abilities, and enhanced right hemisphere abilities. We assessed language laterality (dichotic consonant vowel task) and performances on spatial and verbal tasks. Subjects were 128 college students. The factors of handedness, sex, FS, and immune disorder history (negative or positive) were perfectly counterbalanced. Left-handers were significantly less lateralized for language and scored lower than right-handers on the spatial tasks. Females scored lower on mental rotation than males, but performed comparably to males on the spatial relations task. The only effect of ID was by way of interaction with FS on both spatial tasks--subjects who were either negative or positive on both FS and ID status factors scored significantly higher than subjects negative for one but positive for the other factor. A speculative explanatory model for this interaction was proposed. The model incorporates the notion that FS and ID factors are comparably correlated, but in opposite directions, with hormonal factors implicated by other research as relevant for spatial ability differences. Finally, no support for the "anomalous dominance" hypothesis predictions was found. 相似文献
76.
77.
A prospective investigation of suicidal ideation in college students: a test of a model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to test the predictive validity of a stress--vulnerability model of suicide ideation and behavior, a longitudinal study was conducted with college undergraduates. Based on previous research (Bonner & Rich, 1987; Rich & Bonner, 1987a), measures of social/emotional alienation, adaptive resources for living, and cognitive rigidity were taken at the beginning of the semester and combined to develop a vulnerability score. Then, at midterm, measures of midterm stress and cumulative negative life stress were obtained from the same subjects. It was hypothesized that the vulnerability factor would interact with midterm and negative life stress to predict suicide ideation. Instead of an interactive model, a linear, compensatory model of suicide ideation was found. The combination of alienation, deficient adaptive resources, and life stress best predicted ideation scores. Implications for research and theory are noted. 相似文献
78.
80.
We investigated whether systems consolidation of spatial memory could be detected in a non-navigational, spatial-learning test that takes advantage of rats’ natural propensity to preferentially investigate an object that was displaced relative to spatial cues more than an object that remained stationary. Previous studies using navigational spatial-learning tests have generally failed to reveal temporally-graded retrograde amnesia, possibly because the hippocampus needs to be intact for the retrieval and/or processing of navigational information during the test. In the present study, the hippocampus of rats was kept inactivated, at two sites along its septo-temporal axis (dorsal and intermediate), for four consecutive days, beginning either 3 h or 5 days after familiarization to two identical objects in an open field. Rats that had their hippocampus inactivated beginning 5 days but not 3 h after familiarization showed evidence that they remembered the previous location of the displaced object. The results suggest that systems consolidation of spatial memories can be detected using a non-navigational test of spatial memory. 相似文献