领导授权赋能与领导有效性的关系：基于元分析的检验

基于183项实证研究, 采用元分析法综合考察了领导授权赋能与领导有效性的关系, 包括个体工作态度与绩效(145个样本, 50509名员工)、团队绩效(47个样本, 4856个团队)和组织绩效(9个样本, 1090家企业)。结果表明：领导授权赋能与工作满意度、组织承诺和主观幸福感显著正相关, 与离职倾向、倦怠&压力显著负相关, 与个体(团队)绩效及其各维度显著正相关, 与反生产行为显著负相关, 但与组织绩效的正向关系不显著。其中, 主观幸福感、团队绩效、团队任务绩效的样本文献可能存在出版偏倚, 其元分析结果很可能被高估。在东西方差异上, 领导授权赋能与个体(团队)绩效、个体(团队)任务绩效的相关性均属东亚样本更强、欧美样本更弱, 而与个体(团队)创新绩效、个体(团队)关系绩效之间无显著差异。然而, 团队创新绩效的欧美样本和团队关系绩效的东亚样本仅1份, 故其东西方比较结果可能存在不稳定及不可靠性。此外, 领导授权赋能的量表、数据类型显著调节了领导授权赋能与个体绩效的关系, 行业类型的调节效应不显著。研究结果为领导授权赋能与领导有效性的研究给出了新的阶段性定论。     

收入不平等对精神障碍的影响研究进展

收入不平等与精神障碍已成为重要的公共卫生问题,但国内相关研究尚少,且缺乏系统性的总结。通过研究内容（精神障碍类别）、研究方法（关联性研究与因果推断研究）、机制假说以及国内外研究比较四方面综述收入不平等对精神障碍的影响研究,以期能够从多角度提出对于我国进一步开展相关研究的改进与发展方向。通过机制假说的梳理,可以提示研究者机制路径的寻找,获得截断因果路径的方法,为我国未来的公众健康的相关政策制定提供一定的理论指导依据。

     

初中生学业自我效能、学习动机与学业成绩的关系

本研究使用学业自我效能量表和学习动机量表对初中生进行测量 ,并对测量结果与学业成绩间的关系进行了分析。结果发现 :学生学业自我效能、学习动机和性别是学业成绩的良好预测变量源 ,其中以学业自我效能的效应最为明显 ;学习动机与学业成绩之间并非单纯的线性关系。     

Attachment anxiety and attentional control predict immediate and delayed emotional Stroop interference

Attachment anxiety has been associated with a hyperactivating response to threat. A modified emotional Stroop task was used to investigate temporal characteristics of the threat response by assessing response latencies to interpersonally threatening words (immediate interference) and two directly subsequent neutral filler words (delayed interference). Greater immediate and delayed interference to threatening words was observed (n = 125), with higher levels of attachment anxiety associated with immediate interference to threatening cues, and lower levels with delayed interference. Thus, attachment anxiety was related to the speed at which moderate perceived threat disrupted ongoing processes under top-down attentional control. Furthermore, top-down attentional control moderated the extent to which immediate or delayed interference was observed. Among participants who demonstrated relatively stronger top-down attentional control, immediate and delayed interference to threatening cues was minimal, suggesting that results involving emotional Stroop interference were primarily attributable to participants with relatively weaker top-down attentional control. The implications of these findings are considered within the broader context of performance-based and neuroimaging research, with suggestions for future applied research.     

情绪唤起对执行功能的作用

执行功能是对基本认知加工进行有意心理控制的所有高级认知过程.最近10年,情绪唤起对执行功能的作用机制吸引愈来愈多的研究兴趣,其中,消极情绪(尤其焦虑、抑郁)已被普遍证实损害执行功能的运行效率;积极情绪如何作用执行功能尚不明确.鉴于后者研究中的理论假设匮乏,近年兴起的积极情绪的扩展建构理论以及动机维度模型,能为理解积极情绪如何作用执行功能提供线索与启发.未来研究应深入探讨不同动机强度的积极及消极情绪对执行功能的作用机制,在这之中也应细致区分情绪唤起与情绪刺激的不同效应.     

临终关怀主体的确证

临终关怀因其宗教关怀的传统,在现代的伦理实践中其主体一直被误解为是临终患者亲属或者医护人员,这就造成了临终关怀理论和实践的困境:临终关怀真正的主体,也就是临终患者的权利诉求得不到真正的实现。因此,从生命伦理学视阈对临终关怀主体进行确证,重新确立临终患者作为临终关怀的主体地位,并通过主体道德的不可侵犯性来确立临终关怀的理论根基,即临终关怀主体应该是临终患者,在生命伦理视阈就应当具有相应的权利。临终关怀作为一项关系到人的权利和尊严的要求,只有确立了临终患者的主体地位,才能保障其尊严和权利不受侵犯。     

文化影响亲属词性别概念加工中的空间隐喻与重量隐喻——来自彝族、白族和摩梭人的证据

采用空间隐喻和重量隐喻的研究范式,考察彝族人、白族人和摩梭人在亲属词性别概念加工中的空间隐喻和重量隐喻。实验1考察亲属词性别概念加工的上下隐喻。结果表明,彝族人对"上男下女"词对的反应比对"上女下男"词对快;白族人在判断长辈亲属词时,对"上男下女"词对的反应比对"上女下男"词对快;摩梭人对"上男下女"词对的反应比对"上女下男"词对慢。实验2采用性别概念启动重量概念,发现亲属词性别概念加工存在着轻重隐喻一致性效应,性别亲属词对促进对天平倾斜方向的判断。对彝族人而言,男性亲属词激活了"重"概念,女性亲属词激活了"轻"概念;对摩梭人而言,女性亲属词激活了"重"概念,男性亲属词激活了"轻"概念;白族人未表现出亲属词性别对轻重概念激活的差异。实验3采用重量概念启动性别概念。结果显示,对彝族人而言,"重"概念启动了"男"概念,"轻"概念启动了"女"概念;对摩梭人而言,"重"概念启动了"女"概念,"轻"概念启动了"男"概念;对白族人而言,未发现轻重概念对性别概念启动的显著差异。整个研究表明,性别文化影响亲属词性别概念加工中的空间隐喻和重量隐喻,证明了隐喻的文化性。     

Motivational intensity modulates the effects of positive emotions on set shifting after controlling physiological arousal

Recent research on the construct of emotion suggests the integration of a motivational dimension into the traditional two‐dimension (subjective valence and physiological arousal) model. The motivational intensity of an emotional state should be taken into account while investigating the emotion‐cognition relationship. This study examined how positive emotional states varying in motivational intensity influenced set shifting, after controlling the potential confounding impacts of physiological arousal. In Experiment 1, 155 volunteers performed a set‐shifting task after being randomly assigned to five states: high‐ vs. low‐motivating positive affect (interest vs. serenity), high‐ vs. low‐motivating negative affect (disgust vs. anxiety), and neutral state. Eighty‐five volunteers participated in Experiment 2, which further examined the effects of higher vs. lower degree of interest. Both experiments measured and compared participants' physiological arousal (blood pressure and pulse rate) under the normal and experimental conditions as the covariate. Results showed no difference in switching performance between the neutral and serenity groups. As compared with the neutral state, the high‐motivating positive affect significantly increased set‐switching reaction time costs, but reduced error rate costs; the higher the motivational intensity, the greater the time‐costs impairment. This indicates a role of the high‐motivating positive affect in regulating the balance between the flexible and stable cognitive control. Motivational intensity also modulated the effects of negative emotional states, i.e., disgust caused a larger increase in time costs than anxiety. Further exploration into neurobiological mechanisms that may mediate the emotional effects on set shifting is warranted.     

The Ethical Standards of Sunni Muslim Physicians Regarding Fertility Technologies that are Religiously Forbidden

Journal of Religion and Health - This research project is pioneering in that it is the first to provide empirical data regarding the ethical standards of Sunni Muslim physicians toward religiously...