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131.
Lavie (1995) proposed a load account of selective attention, which holds that spare capacity is involuntarily allocated to the processing of irrelevant stimuli. In support of this account, Lavie and Cox (1997) combined a letter search task with a flanker task and found that increasing load (search set size) resulted in decreased interference from an irrelevant distractor letter. In three experiments using a very similar procedure, we varied distractor location and distractor distinctiveness and observed that as load increased (from set size 2 to set size 6), there was a consistent reduction in interference. Critically, we addressed a fundamental hypothesis derived from the load account-that practice reduces capacity demands. This hypothesis leads to the rather counterintuitive prediction that as performance improves with practice, distractor processing should actually increase. Indeed, we found that interference in a high-load condition (set size 6), but not in a low-load condition (set size 2), did increase with practice. We describe a two-stage dilution account of attention that accommodates these results. 相似文献
132.
Research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science
Daryl B. O'Connor John P. Aggleton Bhismadev Chakrabarti Cary L. Cooper Cathy Creswell Sandra Dunsmuir Susan T. Fiske Susan Gathercole Brendan Gough Jane L. Ireland Marc V. Jones Adam Jowett Carolyn Kagan Maria Karanika-Murray Linda K. Kaye Veena Kumari Stephan Lewandowsky Stafford Lightman Debra Malpass Elizabeth Meins B. Paul Morgan Lisa J. Morrison Coulthard Stephen D. Reicher Daniel L. Schacter Susan M. Sherman Victoria Simms Antony Williams Til Wykes Christopher J. Armitage 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2020,111(4):603-629
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter- and longer-term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer-term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high-quality, open, and rigorous research standards. 相似文献
133.
Tan Pelin Ensor Tyler M. Hockley William E. Harrison Geoffrey W. Wilson Daryl E. 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2020,27(3):529-535
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Despite the substantial evidence highlighting the role of selective rehearsal in item-method directed forgetting, recent work has suggested that forgetting may... 相似文献
134.
Emily Foster-Hanson Kelsey Moty Amanda Cardarelli John Daryl Ocampo Marjorie Rhodes 《Cognitive Science》2020,44(5):e12837
How do people gather samples of evidence to learn about the world? Adults often prefer to sample evidence from diverse sources—for example, choosing to test a robin and a turkey to find out if something is true of birds in general. Children below age 9, however, often do not consider sample diversity, instead treating non-diverse samples (e.g., two robins) and diverse samples as equivalently informative. The current study (N = 247) found that this discontinuity stems from developmental changes in standards for evaluating evidence—younger children chose to learn from samples that best approximate idealized views of what category members are supposed to be like (e.g., the fastest cheetahs), with a gradual shift across age toward samples that cover more within-category variation (e.g., cheetahs of varying speeds). These findings have implications for the relation between conceptual structure and inductive reasoning, and for the mechanisms underlying inductive reasoning more generally. 相似文献
135.
RESUMENLa creciente aceptación de que gran parte de la varianza de interés psicológico de la conducta podría encontrarse en la interacción entre la persona y la situación, sugiere la necesidad de un lenguaje común para la descripción tanto de las personas como de las situaciones. De acuerdo con esto, proponemos que una situación sea caracterizada por una serie de pares de plantillas de conducta, esto es, un conjunto de descripciones de personalidad (del tipo Q) de hipotéticas personas “ideales”, cada una de las cuales se asocia con una conducta concreta. La descripción del tipo Q de un determinado individuo se empareja pues, con cada plantilla, y se predice que mostrará la conducta asociada con la caracterización situacional-tipo a que más se parezca. La utilidad heurística y predictiva de esta técnica de emparejamiento, se demuestra en tres grupos de experimentos clásicos: (a) la situación de demora de la gratificación, (b) el juego de negociación estratégica, y (c) el experimento de condescendencia forzada. Se muestra que esta técnica también puede utilizarse para evaluar la validez ecológica de los experimentos de laboratorio, y para probar teorías que conciernen a los fenomenos psicológicos. 相似文献
136.
Our purpose was to explore ways in which practitioners developed professionally after graduate school. We re-interviewed 4 female and 3 male consultants 4 years since their postgraduate sport psychology studies; they had been interviewed 3 times during their training. Since leaving university, participants' professional practices had evolved, such as increased coherence between their behaviors and beliefs, born from having negotiated service delivery challenges. Also, participants had experienced reduced anxiety and increased perceived competence. Participants' accounts were congruent with counselor development theory. Knowledge about students' possible developmental changes after graduation may assist educators and supervisors in preparing future practitioners for their careers. 相似文献
137.
The current research provides an assessment of performance under pressure by deliberately investigating responses of athletes who are polar opposite. Forty-six female netball players were screened to sample choking-resistant and choking-susceptible athletes. The eight selected participants then completed 180 netball shots in a single-case A1-B-A2 design (A phases = low-pressure and B phase = high-pressure), with follow-up interviews. Under pressure, choking-resistant participants improved their performance by using task-focus and avoidance-cognitive coping, whereas choking-susceptible participants suffered from performance decrements often applying emotion-focused and approach-cognitive coping. Researchers should further explore the unique characteristics of choking-resistant athletes. 相似文献
138.
139.
Chelsea A. Reid Everett L. Worthington Jr. Rachel C. Garthe Don E. Davis Joshua N. Hook Daryl R. Van Tongeren 《The journal of positive psychology》2018,13(2):122-132
The transition to parenthood is a challenging experience that often strains relationships, but perceiving one’s partner as humble (actor relational humility) and being perceived by one’s partner as humble (partner relational humility) were hypothesized to benefit couples during this transition. Married couples (N = 69) were tracked from the third trimester of pregnancy through 21 months postpartum. Husbands and wives provided ratings of relational humility and dyadic adjustment. Actor–partner interdependence models tested actor and partner effects of relational humility on dyadic adjustment across the transition. Although couples declined in dyadic adjustment over the transition at the same rate regardless of relational humility (counter to Hypothesis 2), those higher in relational humility reported greater dyadic adjustment at each time point during the transition (consistent with Hypothesis 1). These findings support the benefits of relational humility to relationship quality, and we call for further research into humility’s benefits during times of relationship transition. 相似文献
140.