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91.
Recent reports have claimed that observers show accurate knowledge of the mean size of a group of similar objects, a finding that has been interpreted to suggest that sets of multiple objects are represented in terms of their statistical properties, such as mean size (Ariely, 2001; Chong & Treisman, 2003, 2005a, 2005b). In the present study, we directed visual attention to a single set member and found that mean estimations were modulated according to the size of the attended item, regardless of whether size was the relevant search criterion (Experiment 1) or not (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that observers do not always accurately average together the entire set, and that instead the average is either biased by the features of the attended item, or based on a short-cut strategy of extracting the mean of a smaller subset. 相似文献
92.
Daryl R. Smith Brooks C. Holtom Terence R. Mitchell 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2011,79(1):290-302
The present research examines the differential validity of the facets of organizational commitment and job embeddedness to predict who will reenlist or retire from a branch of the armed services. We tested hypotheses with survey data from 1839 enlisted personnel in the U.S. Air Force. For personnel facing the decision to reenlist or separate, continuance commitment and organizational job embeddedness predicted reenlistment. For those eligible to retire, affective and normative commitment as well as organizational job embeddedness predicted who would reenlist rather than retire. However, unlike previous studies, for both criteria (reenlistment and retirement), people who were more embedded in their communities were more likely to voluntarily leave. This finding identifies an important boundary condition for job embeddedness theory. 相似文献
93.
Joshua N. Hook Jennifer E. Farrell Kathryn A. Johnson Daryl R. Van Tongeren Don E. Davis Jamie D. Aten 《The journal of positive psychology》2017,12(1):29-35
AbstractThe present study explored the relationship between (a) intellectual humility toward religious beliefs and values and (b) religious tolerance. Pastors who identified as Christian (N = 196) completed measures of conservatism, religious commitment, intellectual humility toward religious beliefs and values, and religious tolerance. Intellectual humility was a positive predictor of religious tolerance, even when controlling for conservatism and religious commitment. An interaction was found between exposure to religious diversity and intellectual humility, such that exposure to religious diversity was positively related to religious tolerance only for participants who reported high levels of intellectual humility. We conclude by discussing limitations, areas for future research, and implications for interfaith dialog and engagement. 相似文献
94.
Jason Rajsic Natasha E. Ouslis Daryl E. Wilson Jay Pratt 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(6):1643-1651
Visual working memory (VWM) plays a central role in visual cognition, and current work suggests that there is a special state in VWM for items that are the goal of visual searches. However, whether the quality of memory for target templates differs from memory for other items in VWM is currently unknown. In this study, we measured the precision and stability of memory for search templates and accessory items to determine whether search templates receive representational priority in VWM. Memory for search templates exhibited increased precision and probability of recall, whereas accessory items were remembered less often. Additionally, while memory for Templates showed benefits when instances of the Template appeared in search, this benefit was not consistently observed for Accessory items when they appeared in search. Our results show that becoming a search template can substantially affect the quality of a representation in VWM. 相似文献
95.
Jinxia Zhang Xue Gong Daryl Fougnie Jeremy M. Wolfe 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(8):2299-2309
Much is known about the speed and accuracy of search in single-target search tasks, but less attention has been devoted to understanding search in multiple-target foraging tasks. These tasks raise and answer important questions about how individuals decide to terminate searches in cases in which the number of targets in each display is unknown. Even when asked to find every target, individuals quit before exhaustively searching a display. Because a failure to notice targets can have profound effects (e.g., missing a malignant tumor in an X-ray), it is important to develop strategies that could limit such errors. Here, we explored the impact of different reward patterns on these failures. In the Neutral condition, reward for finding a target was constant over time. In the Increasing condition, reward increased for each successive target in a display, penalizing early departure from a display. In the Decreasing condition, reward decreased for each successive target in a display. The experimental results demonstrate that observers will forage for longer (and find more targets) when the value of successive targets increases (and the opposite when value decreases). The data indicate that observers were learning to utilize knowledge of the reward pattern and to forage optimally over the course of the experiment. Simulation results further revealed that human behavior could be modeled with a variant of Charnov’s Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) (Charnov, 1976) that includes roles for reward and learning. 相似文献
96.
This study examined the prenatal, postnatal and demographic predictors of parent-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) in an Australian population-based sample. Participants were families participating in the Longitudinal Study
of Australian Children. There were approximately even numbers of males (51%) and females (49%) in the sample. Predictors of
parent-reported ADHD status at Wave 2 (children aged 6–7 years) which were measured at Wave 1 (children aged 4–5 years) included
cigarette smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy (prenatal factors); maternal postnatal depression, intensive care at birth, birth weight, and gestation (postnatal factors); and child gender, primary caregiver education, income, family composition, and maternal age at childbirth (socio-demographic factors). We found that male gender, cigarette smoking during pregnancy, and maternal postnatal depression were the only significant
predictors (at the 5% level) of ADHD in the adjusted analysis (N = 3,474). Our results are consistent with previous findings that male gender and cigarette smoking during pregnancy are risk
factors for ADHD. In addition, we found that postnatal depression was predictive of parent-reported ADHD. 相似文献
97.
Daryl S. Paulson 《Pastoral Psychology》2006,55(2):197-204
The purpose of this article is to help counselors understand the importance of empowering their clients to discover their own insights, meaning, values, and agency. 相似文献
98.
Results from implicit memory (IM) tasks suggest that automatic retrieval remains stable or decreases over time. In contrast, results from the process dissociation approach (PDA) suggest that automatic retrieval may actually increase over time. One explanation for these discrepant results is that performance on IM tasks is contaminated by controlled retrieval strategies, thereby overestimating automatic retrieval, particularly at short retention intervals, when controlled retrieval strategies are high. An alternative explanation is that automatic and controlled retrieval are positively correlated, rather than independent as assumed by the PDA. If so, the PDA would underestimate automatic retrieval, particularly when controlled retrieval strategies are high. Results from a speeded IM task suggest that a standard IM task provided an accurate estimate of automatic retrieval, whereas the PDA underestimated automatic retrieval at a short retention interval. This pattern of underestimation by the PDA supports the conclusion that automatic and controlled retrieval were positively correlated rather than independent. 相似文献
99.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is unique among the current brain stimulation techniques because it is relatively non-invasive. TMS markedly differs from vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy, all of which require either an implanted prosthesis or general anesthesia, or both. Since its rebirth in its modern form in 1985, TMS has already shown potential usefulness in at least three important domains-as a basic neuroscience research instrument, as a potential clinical diagnostic tool, and as a therapy for several different neuropsychiatric conditions. The TMS scientific literature has now expanded beyond what a single summary article can adequately cover. This review highlights several new developments in combining TMS with functional brain imaging, using TMS as a psychiatric therapy, potentially using TMS to enhance performance, and finally recent advances in the core technology of TMS. TMS' ability to non-invasively and focally stimulate the brain of an awake human is proving to be a most important development for neuroscience in general, and neuropsychiatry in particular. 相似文献
100.
Higgins DJ 《The Journal of psychology》2004,138(4):303-324
The author conducted secondary data analysis of 3 previously reported studies (D. J. Higgins & M.P. McCabe, 1998, 2000b, 2003) to examine whether respondents are best classified according to their experience of separate maltreatment types (sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological maltreatment, neglect, and witnessing family violence) or whether their experience reflects a single unifying concept: child maltreatment. The author conducted a cluster analysis of the combined dataset followed by a confirmatory discriminant function analysis. Finally, the differences in psychological adjustment between those classified into the 3 different clusters were examined as a test of the 3-cluster solution. The best cluster analysis solution grouped individuals according to the degree to which maltreatment behaviors were reported. Individuals classified into the high maltreatment cluster had significantly more adjustment problems than those in either the moderate or the low maltreatment clusters. The results showed that it may be more meaningful to talk about the degree of maltreatment (frequency and/or severity) experienced by the child rather than about the type. 相似文献