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291.
The difficulty in reporting both occurrences of a repeated item is a phenomenon referred to as repetition blindness (RB). RB has been proposed to result from temporal limitations in creating separate episodic tokens for a twice-activated type. Recently, Chialant and Caramazza (Cognition 63 (1997) 79-119) disputed the conventional view that RB for non-identical words (orthographic RB, as in lice and lick) results from the same mechanism as identity RB, and proposed that orthographic RB arises from competition for lexical selection. Supporting evidence was that identical and merely similar words showed different amounts of RB as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony (lag). Four experiments failed to replicate Chialant and Caramazza's finding that identity RB decreases, but orthographic RB increases, as a function of lag. Instead, RB for all stimuli, including homonym pairs, declined monotonically with lag. These results are consistent with a common mechanism underlying RB for identical and orthographically similar words and with prior research suggesting that RB in similar words occurs at a sublexical level. 相似文献
292.
Morris EK Baer DM Favell JE Glenn SS Hineline PN Malott ME Michael J 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2001,24(2):125-146
This paper offers some reflections on the discipline and profession of behavior analysis, as well as on the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA), on the occasion of the association's 25th anniversary. It is based on a panel session conducted at the 1999 convention that included six past presidents of ABA (Donald M. Baer, Judith E. Favell, Sigrid S. Glenn, Philip N. Hineline, Jack Michael, and Edward K. Morris) and its current Executive Director and Secretary-Treasurer (Maria E. Malott). Among the topics addressed were (a) the survival of behavior analysis in university and cultural contexts, (b) the training of behavior-analytic researchers and practitioners, (c) relations between basic and applied research, (d) convergences between behavior analysis and other disciplines, (e) the structure and function of ABA, and (f) the importance of students for the future of the association, the discipline, and the profession. Questions from the audience raised issues concerning the relevance of major behavior-analytic journals, advances in behavior analysis since the death of B. F. Skinner, and the availability of accessible, popular material on applied behavior analysis. 相似文献
293.
The present study compared a matched sample of 180 African American and 180 White American veterans who completed the MMPI-2 as a part of their evaluation while receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment. Findings indicated no significant multivariate or univariate effects associated with race on the basic validity and clinical scales, a significant multivariate effect but no significant univariate effects associated with race across the supplementary scales. Overall the two groups had very similar mean profiles across the basic validity, clinical, and supplementary scales. Comparison of the two groups on the content scales yielded a significant multivariate and significant univariate effects with African Americans scoring higher on the FRS, BIZ, CYN, and ASP scales. Because the two groups differed in terms of frequency and type of drug abuse, follow-up 2 x 2 univariate analyses of variance were conducted for the FRS, BIZ, CYN, and ASP content scales comparing participants classified in terms of presence or absence of a primary or secondary drug abuse diagnosis by race. A significant main effect associated with drug abuse was obtained for ASP. Results are discussed and considered in light of earlier research on the MMPI-2 and race. Content scale differences are also discussed in terms of possible differences in worldview. 相似文献
294.
Darrell Anthony Luzzo Ellen Hawley McWhirter 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2001,79(1):61-67
Participants (168 female and 118 male undergraduate students) completed a brief questionnaire, a measure of perceived educational and career‐related barriers, and a measure of coping efficacy. As expected, women and ethnic minorities anticipated significantly more career‐related barriers than did men and European American students, respectively. Ethnic minorities also exhibited more perceived educational barriers and lower self‐efficacy for coping with perceived career‐related barriers relative to their European American counterparts. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and practical career counseling applications. 相似文献
295.
Silvia M. Arcuri Sophia Rabe-Hesketh Robin G. Morris Philip K. McGuire 《Behavior research methods》2001,33(1):80-90
In 1980, Bloom and Fischler published a paper describing a set of sentence contexts (SCs) and their cloze probabilities (CPs).
This material has subsequently been employed in numerous studies of linguistic processing. We sought to define the completion
words and their CPs for Bloom and Fischler’s sentences in an inner-city British population in order to establish reliable
norms for subsequent studies in the U.K. One hundred and fifty incomplete SCs were presented to 73 volunteers. The CPs for
each of the words used to complete the SCs were computed. We then compared the CPs from our sample with those from Bloom and
Fischler. There were significant differences between CPs from each sample in 14% of the SCs analyzed (p < .01). Our data suggest that studies employing SCs and CPs may require locally defined norms if the test population differs
substantially from the original one. The consequences of employing SCs and CPs to study linguistic processing without normalization
are discussed. 相似文献
296.
Upon stimulation, areas of the brain associated with specific cognitive processing tasks may undergo observable physiological changes, and measures of such changes have been used to create brain maps for visualization of stimulated areas in task-related brain "activation" studies. These perturbations usually continue throughout the period of the stimulating event, and then subside when the event is terminated. In this communication, we consider the nature and meaning of these task-related brain activations. Since stimulation usually results in an increase in the frequency of neuron depolarizations or "spikes", an energy expensive activity that requires ATP for restoration of ionic gradients, additional energy supplies must be rapidly deployed to the stimulated areas or rates of re-polarization could be decreased, and refractory periods between spikes increased. As a result, maximum spiking rates may be decreased and some frequency-encoded information lost. The energy available to brain cells to re-synthesize ATP from ADP is a function of levels of glucose and oxygen in blood, and their availability to stimulated neurons is a function of the rate at which focal blood supplies can be increased (hyperemia). In this review we explore how neurons transmit meaningful encoded information; how the integrity of that information is dependent on a continuous supply of energy, and how proton magnetic imaging and spectroscopy may aid in understanding the process. Finally, evidence is presented that the neuropeptide, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, is a neuronal astrocyte-vascular feedback signal that regulates activation induced focal hyperemic responses. 相似文献
297.
Leonard A. Jason Susan Torres-Harding Fred Friedberg Katrina Corradi Mary Gloria Njoku Julie Donalek Nadia Reynolds Molly Brown Bing Bing Weitner Alfred Rademaker Morris Papernik 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(4):275-296
Non-pharmacological behavioral treatments for CFS have been suggested as promising. These trials have tested protocols composed
of behavioral, cognitive and cognitive–behavioral interventions but there have been few efforts to differentially evaluate
their outcomes. The primary purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nurse delivered non-pharmacologic
interventions. In the present study, 114 participants diagnosed with CFS were randomly assigned to four 6-month interventions.
The interventions were: cognitive–behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, anaerobic activity, and a relaxation control group.
The study found that these interventions led to increases in several areas of functioning, with more consistent changes occurring
among those participants in the cognitive condition. For the 25 variables in this study, significant change occurred for 28%,
20%, 16%, and 12% of the variables for the cognitive, cognitive behavior therapy, anaerobic activity, and relaxation conditions,
respectively. However, the majority of participants continued to be diagnosed with CFS following the treatment trial. Implications
of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
298.
299.
With the advent and widespread use of the Internet, various online media are being used to connect and maintain social relationships in individuals of all ages. Social relationships are vital to healthy development, and individuals with social and/or dating anxiety may have marked difficulty in establishing appropriate, supportive relationships because of fear of negative evaluation by others. For these individuals, the Internet may open avenues of communication and provide an outlet through which relationships can be formed and preserved. This study investigated the characteristics of computer and Internet use in young adults to determine whether individuals who were high in social/dating anxiety symptoms were more likely to make and maintain social relationships online. To further understand the patterns of these behaviors, several measures of social and dating anxiety were collected and analyzed along with demographic, computer use, and relationship characteristics. Results indicated differences between high and low social/dating anxiety with respect to media use and relationship formation. Limitations and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
300.
Fritz CO Morris PE Nolan D Singleton J 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2007,60(7):991-1004
The benefits of expanding retrieval practice for preschool children were explored in two experiments. In Experiment 1, three groups learned names for six plush toy pigs using expanding retrieval practice, a reward incentive, or a control condition. Reward did not significantly improve learning but retrieval practice doubled recall. In Experiment 2, three groups learned names to soft toys, comparing recall following massed elaborative study with either expanding retrieval practice or expanding re-presentation. Recall was tested after 1 minute, 1 day, and 2 days. A very large effect size (d = 1.9) indicated the very considerable benefit from expanding retrieval practice over the elaboration condition. Comparison with the re-presentation condition suggested that half of the benefit of expanding retrieval practice came from spaced scheduling and half from retrieval practice. Expanding retrieval practice provides an effective method to improve learning by young children. 相似文献