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201.
Hierarchical models of agrammatism propose that sentence production deficits can be accounted for in terms of clausal syntactic structure [Friedmann, N., & Grodzinsky, Y. (1997). Tense and agreement in agrammatic production: Pruning the syntactic tree. Brain and Language, 56, 397-425; Hagiwara, H. (1995). The breakdown of functional categories and the economy of derivation. Brain and Language, 50, 92-116]. Such theories predict that morpho-syntactic elements associated with higher nodes in the syntactic tree (complementizers and verb inflections) will be more impaired than elements associated with lower structural positions (negation markers and aspectual verb forms). While this hypothesis has been supported by the results of several studies [Benedet, M. J., Christiansen, J. A., & Goodglass, H. (1998). A cross-linguistic study of grammatical morphology in Spanish- and English-speaking agrammatic patients. Cortex, 34, 309-336; Friedmann, N. (2001). Agrammatism and the psychological reality of the syntactic tree. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 71-88; Friedmann, N. (2002). Question production in agrammatism: The tree pruning hypothesis. Brain and Language, 80, 160-187], it has also been challenged on several grounds [Burchert, F., Swoboda-Moll, M., & De Bleser, R. (2005a). Tense and agreement dissociations in German agrammatic speakers: Underspecification vs. hierarchy. Brain and Language, 94, 188-199; Lee, M. (2003). Dissociations among functional categories in Korean agrammatism. Brain and Language, 84, 170-188; Lee, J., Milman, L. H., & Thompson, C. K. (2005). Functional category production in agrammatic speech. Brain and Language, 95, 123-124]. In this paper the question of hierarchical structure was re-examined within the framework of Item Response Theory [IRT, Rasch, G. (1980). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests (Expanded ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press]. IRT is a probabilistic model widely used in the field of psychometrics to model behavioral constructs as numeric variables. In this study we examined production of functional categories (complementizers, verb inflections, negation markers, and aspectual verb forms) in narrative samples elicited from 18 individuals diagnosed with nonfluent aphasia and 18 matched controls. Data from the aphasic participants were entered into an IRT analysis to test (1) whether production of clausal functional categories can be represented as a variable on a numeric scale; and (2) whether production patterns were consistent with hierarchical syntactic structure. Pearson r correlation coefficients were also computed to determine whether there was a relation between functional category production and other indices of language performance. Results indicate that functional category production can be modeled as a numeric variable using IRT. Furthermore, although variability was observed across individuals, consistent patterns were evident when the data were interpreted within a probabilistic framework. Although functional category production was moderately correlated with a second measure of clausal structure (clause length), it was not correlated with more distant language constructs (noun/verb ratio and WAB A.Q.). These results suggest that functional category production is related to some, but not all, measures of agrammatic language performance. 相似文献
202.
Males and females want different products and they are likely to have different ways of thinking about obtaining these. This study furthers an understanding of how gender affects consumers' approaches to decision making. The research used Sproles and Kendall's (1986) consumer styles inventory (CSI) on a sample of 358 German males and females. Although all seven German decision‐making characteristics found in a previous German study could be confirmed for females, only four could be confirmed for males, raising the question of whether the CSI is equally valid for both genders. Tentative support was found for five new male factors, namely satisfying, enjoyment‐variety seeking, fashion‐sale seeking, time restricted and economy seeking. The results imply that the CSI has construct validity for females, but appears to be less valid for males. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献
203.
Roi Cohen Kadosh Avishai Henik res Catena Vincent Walsh Luis J. Fuentes 《Psychological science》2009,20(2):258-265
ABSTRACT— Are the kinds of abnormal cross-modal interactions seen in synaesthesia or following brain damage due to hyperconnectivity between or within brain areas, or are they a result of lack of inhibition? This question is highly contested. Here we show that posthypnotic suggestion induces abnormal cross-modal experience similar to that observed in congenital grapheme-color synaesthesia. Given the short time frame of the experiment, it is unlikely that new cortical connections were established, so we conclude that synaesthesia can result from disinhibition between brain areas. 相似文献
204.
205.
When individuals detect an inconsistency in a set of propositions, they tend to change their minds about at least one proposition
to resolve the inconsistency. The orthodox view from William James (1907) onward has been that a rational change should be
minimal. We propose an alternative hypothesis according to which individuals seek to resolve inconsistencies by explaining their
origins. We report four experiments corroborating the explanatory hypothesis. Experiment 1 showed that participants’ explanations
revised general conditional claims rather than specific categorical propositions. Experiment 2 showed that, when explanations
did revise the categorical proposition, participants also tended to deny the consequences of a second generalization. Experiment
3 showed that this tendency persists when participants previously affirmed these consequences explicitly. Experiment 4 showed
that, when participants could easily explain an inconsistency by revising a generalization, they were more likely to accept
the consequences of a second generalization. All four results contravene minimalism but support the explanatory hypothesis. 相似文献
206.
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been associated with the encoding of events in peripersonal space, but little is known about the precise segregation of parietal areas involved specifically in ‘near‐space’ visuospatial processing. This study applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to two parietal areas: the right angular gyrus (ANG) and the right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in addition to a control site, cortical visual area V5, while subjects performed symmetry judgements on lines presented simultaneously in the left and right visual fields. Eight subjects performed the task with the stimuli presented either in peripersonal or extra personal space. As expected, TMS over the right ANG caused subjects to report lines as being longer ipsilateral to the stimulation site, but only in near space. TMS of the right SMG, however, induced a bias shift in both near and far space, but the change only reached significance in near space. Our findings suggest that, consistent with its role in somatosensory functions, the SMG, like the ANG, is specialised for near space. 相似文献
207.
208.
Susan Kashubeck Bethany Walsh Amy Crowl 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,72(6):640-645
The authors investigated whether different campus environment factors were related to eating disorder symptomatology at two distinctly different colleges. The first campus was conservative, placing an emphasis on appearance and dress, whereas the second campus was liberal, placing an emphasis on political activism and intellectual talent. As hypothesized, the two schools did not differ in regard to overall levels of eating disorders, yet different factors were associated with eating disorder symptomatology at each school. Implications for eating disorder interventions on college campuses are discussed. 相似文献
209.
Pauline Lightbody Stephen Nicholson Gerda Siann Dave Walsh 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1997,25(1):67-79
To find out why some college or university courses are particularly attractive to ethnic-minority school-leavers, school pupils and first-year students of South Asian (n=158) and UK origin (n = 158) completed a questionnaire relating to occupational choice. The social position attainable from a 'respected' profession and the ability to work with others who share similar beliefs were found to be of greater importance to subjects from an Asian background than to those of UK origin, who placed greater emphasis on personal growth and autonomy. There was no evidence that the Asian young people were consciously choosing careers with the aim of avoiding discrimination. 相似文献
210.
Weanling male hooded rats were handled or not handled for 10 min each day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. At the end of this time all animals received one of the following: a septal lesion, a medial accumbens lesion, a medial hypothalamic lesion, or a sham lesion. The animals were tested for defensiveness toward the experimenter on Days 3, 7, and 14 postoperatively. All behavioral testing was done blind. Each of the three lesions increased defensiveness toward the experimenter. However, with each lesion, there was no difference in the defensiveness scores of preoperatively handled and nonhandled animals at any of the postoperative test sessions while those of animals with medial hypothalamic lesions did not. These results are consistent with observations that hyperdefensiveness occurs in human subjects following tumors in each of these brain areas in spite of their familiarity with the situation in which they are observed. They contrast with observations that mouse killing induced by septal lesions is readily prevented by preoperative exposure to a mouse. 相似文献