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101.
102.
Research on offenders with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in the criminal justice arena is on the rise, reflected by a growing number of relevant publications each year. However, there is a long recognized methodological problem that hampers the comparability of empirical studies and that raises doubts about the accuracy of prevalence rates, comorbidities, and various correlates and characteristics. In this paper we will argue that the crux of the problem can, on the one hand, be found in the plurality of assessment methods for intelligence and adaptive functioning, which are not all sufficiently reliable and valid. On the other hand, assessment of IQ in criminal justice and mental health-related areas appears to be informed more by practical aspects and needs rather than grounded in a solid theoretical model. Hence, we suggest that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence has potential value in this regard, and deserves a closer look. Finally, we will discuss its incorporation into, and possible implications for, criminal justice practice and future study designs. 相似文献
103.
Francesco Pagnini Christian Lunetta Paolo Banfi Gabriella Rossi Ksenija Gorni Gianluca Castelnuovo Massimo Corbo Enrico Molinari 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2012,31(1):79-87
A large number of studies have investigated a variety of psychological aspects in people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,
but there is still considerable uncertainty concerning the actual morbidity, in particular for anxiety. We aim to evaluate
depression levels and anxiety disposition in ALS patients and their caregivers, in comparison to healthy controls. We conducted
a cross-sectional comparison between people with ALS, their caregivers and a non-clinical control group in order to evaluate
anxiety and depression levels. 40 ALS patients, their caregivers and 40 healthy adult subjects completed the Beck Depression
Inventory II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory—Y2 scale (STAI). We compared overall and single item scores in
order to find differences between the three groups. BDI-II scores were significantly different between groups. Depression
scores were higher for patients than for healthy controls, in both somatic and psychological sub-scales. Caregivers presented
higher levels of psychological depression in comparison with healthy controls, and lower scores of somatic depression in comparison
to patients. No differences were found in trait anxiety levels comparing the three groups. ALS patients and their caregivers
developed more depression related symptomatology than the non-clinical sample. However, susceptibility to anxiety for both
patients and caregivers seemed to be at a normal level. 相似文献
104.
Rothenberg W. Andrew Ali Sumbleen Rohner Ronald P. Lansford Jennifer E. Britner Preston A. Di Giunta Laura Dodge Kenneth A. Malone Patrick S. Oburu Paul Pastorelli Concetta Skinner Ann T. Sorbring Emma Steinberg Laurence Tapanya Sombat Tirado Liliana Maria Uribe Yotanyamaneewong Saengduean Alampay Liane Peña Al-Hassan Suha M. Bacchini Dario Bornstein Marc H. Chang Lei Deater-Deckard Kirby 《Journal of child and family studies》2022,31(1):29-47
Journal of Child and Family Studies - Grounded in Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory, this study assessed children’s (N?=?1315) perceptions of maternal and paternal... 相似文献
105.
Skilled Observation and Change Blindness: A Comparison of Law Enforcement and Student Samples
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Shannon M. Smart Melissa A. Berry Dario N. Rodriguez 《Applied cognitive psychology》2014,28(4):590-596
Some evidence suggests that expertise and observational skills training can reduce attentional errors, such as change blindness. Laypeople typically assume that law enforcement officers possess acute observational skills, but no research to date has compared law enforcement and lay samples on their susceptibility to change blindness. In the present study, student and law enforcement samples completed a change blindness task and attempted to identify the target(s) from four line‐ups. Law enforcement officers and students were equally susceptible to change blindness regarding the switch in the target's identity, but students were more likely than officers to detect changes in the target's clothing. Students also performed better on the line‐up task, overall, than officers. Additionally, whereas students' confidence was positively correlated with identification accuracy under some circumstances, officers' confidence was either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with accuracy. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest some factors accounting for law enforcement officers' relatively poor performance on these tasks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
106.
107.
Hélène Beaunieux Valérie Hubert Thomas Witkowski Anne-Lise Pitel Sandrine Rossi Jean-Marie Danion 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(5):521-539
Procedural memory is characterised by a relative resistance to pathology, making its assessment of the utmost importance. However, few studies have looked at the cognitive processes involved in cognitive procedural learning. In an initial experiment, we studied the role of different cognitive functions in massed cognitive procedural learning. Our results confirmed the existence of three separate learning phases and, for the first time, demonstrated the involvement of episodic memory and executive functions in the first learning phase. In a second experiment, we studied the effect of distributed learning conditions on the dynamics of procedural learning. This second study confirmed our results but showed that these conditions slow down the process of cognitive procedural learning. Our overall findings call into question the status of functionally autonomous memory system that is currently allotted to procedural memory, and suggest that the role of nonprocedural cognitive components should be taken into account in patient rehabilitation. 相似文献
108.
109.
Several lines of research on adult subjects demonstrate a visual/spatial fractionation of nonverbal working memory (WM), while behavioral studies on normal children support the idea of a static/dynamic distinction. In the present paper, we report a child (Z.M.) who failed on nonverbal WM tasks. To verify the nature of his defect, we carried out two experiments: in Experiment 1, Z.M. failed on spatial WM tasks but not on visual WM tasks and was not affected by the static/dynamic format of stimulus presentation; in Experiment 2, this visual/spatial dissociation was extended to the imagery domain. These results are best accounted for within the visual/spatial fractionation of WM and confirmed the role of WM in mental imagery. Clinical and rehabilitative implications of the present findings are also discussed. 相似文献
110.
Paul T. van der Heijden Jos I. M. Egger Gina M. P. Rossi Jan J. L. Derksen 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(4):345-357
Twenty Es administered Rorschachs expecting Ss to give high or low total numbers of responses, high or low animal in relation to human percentages, and one or another extreme of select personality characteristics. Additionally, each tested a control S expecting “nothing remarkable.” Results indicated tester-bias and suggested that within each comparison group, one expectancy condition contributed disproportionately more to the bias effect than did the other. Video tapes of 20 sessions were analyzed to see whether a Bandura modeling paradigm could account for the mediation of bias; i.e., whether Es modeled their expectancies for the benefit of their Ss and whether Ss consequently imitated their models. This was not supported. 相似文献