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61.
Researchers have claimed that listeners tolerate large temporal distortion when integrating the spectral components of speech.
In some estimates, perceivers resolve linguistic attributes at spectral desynchronies as great as the duration of a syllable.
We obtained new measures of perceptual tolerance of auditory asynchrony, using sine-wave synthesis in order to require perceivers
to resolve the speech stream dynamically. Listeners transcribed sentences in which the tone analogue of a second formant was
desynchronized relative to the remaining tones of a sentence, with desynchrony ranging from a 250-msec lead to a 250-msec
lag. Intelligibility declined symmetrically from 72% at synchrony to 7% at 6100 msec. This finding of narrow asynchrony tolerance
indicates a time-critical feature of the auditory perceptual organization of speech 相似文献
62.
We investigated the frequency of secondary school students’ self-reported cheating in mathematics and relationships between cheating and motivational beliefs, as well as neutralizing attitudes. Two types of cheating were examined: active cheating, which is aimed to increase a person’s own success, and second-party cheating, aimed to help other students achieve success. Students use second-party cheating very often and more than active cheating. Motivational beliefs are significantly related to active cheating but uncorrelated with second-party cheating. Thus, although active and second-party cheating are both classified as dishonest acts, they do not have the same motivational mechanisms in their background. 相似文献
63.
Beutel ME Brähler E Glaesmer H Kuss DJ Wölfling K Müller KW 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2011,14(5):291-296
In our study, we attempted to identify systematically the use of Internet applications in the German population in order to derive risk factors for problematic use. In a representative survey of the German population, we queried 1,401 women and 1,111 men between the ages of 14 and 94 years by specific questions and standardized questionnaires on depression, anxiety (HADS), and depersonalization (CDS-2). The majority of the German population (55%) used the Internet in their leisure time. Users were younger and had a higher socioeconomic status (education, employment, income). Leisure-time use included e-mail and information search, as well as shopping. Chatting, online communities, games and sex were domains of young, mostly male adults. Overall, 9.3% reported at least one negative consequence of Internet use, especially neglect of recreational activities and problems with family/partner, work or education, and health. Problematic use was associated with longer average daily online times, avoidance of negative emotions, preference for certain applications (gaming, gambling, online sex) and an increased rate of depersonalization. The extent of Internet use per se is not sufficient as an addiction criterion and other negative consequences; rather, specific adverse consequences need to be identified. If the Internet is used excessively to cope with negative affect states and alternative means of coping (e.g., social support, health-promoting behavior) are diminished, a vicious cycle may ensue with increasing stress and reliance on the reinforcing properties of certain online activities that may finally lead to addictive behavior. 相似文献
64.
65.
Four–month–old infants were exposed to sequences in which a 2–s light stimulus alternated with dark interstimulus periods whose length was manipulated to be 3 or 5 s. A predictable on–off pattern occurred for eight trials, but the light stimulus was omitted on the ninth trial. Infants showed heart rate responses on the omission trial that were closely synchronized with the expected recurrence of the stimulus. In addition, these heart rate patterns were observed predominantly in infants who had previously shown high levels of sustained attention in pretests with visual stimuli. These findings indicate remarkable precision in infants' estimation of time intervals, and suggest that the link between time estimation and attentional processes is present in early infancy. 相似文献
66.
67.
Paulhus DL Harms PD Bruce MN Lysy DC 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,84(4):890-904
Over-claiming is a concrete operalization of self-enhancement based on respondents' ratings of their knowledge of various persons, events, products, and so on. Because 20% of the items are nonexistent, responses can be analyzed with signal detection formulas to index both response bias (over-claiming) and accuracy (knowledge). Study 1 demonstrated convergence of over-claiming with alternative measures of self-enhancement but independence from cognitive ability. In Studies 2-3, the validity of the over-claiming index held even when respondents were (a) warned about the foils or (b) asked to fake good. Study 3 also showed the utility of the over-claiming index for diagnosing faking. In Study 4, the over-claiming technique was applied to the debate over the adaptive value of positive illusions. 相似文献
68.
Colombo M Cottle A Frost N 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2003,117(3):246-256
In Experiment 1, 12 pigeons (Columba livia) were trained on a simultaneous matching-to-sample task with 2 stimuli and then tested with 2 novel stimuli. Half of the birds were trained with a fixed ratio schedule requirement of 1 (FR1) or 20 (FR20) pecks on the sample stimulus. None of the birds showed any evidence of concept-mediated transfer. In Experiment 2, 12 pigeons were trained with 3 stimuli and then tested with the same novel stimuli used in Experiment 1. Half of the birds in each group were trained with either an FR1 or FR20 requirement on the sample stimulus. Two of the FR20 birds showed high levels of transfer to the novel stimuli similar to that of monkeys in a previous study. 相似文献
69.
In a number of studies, serially organized behavior in humans has been examined using a procedure developed for use with pigeons and monkeys. There have been few direct comparisons, however, between the data collected with humans and that collected with nonhumans, and none with respect to the interesting latency effects noted with nonhumans. The purpose of this experiment was to make this comparison. Human subjects were trained to respond to five simultaneously presented stimuli (A, B, C, D, and E) in a specific order (A-->B-->C-->D-->E) and were then tested with all 10 pairwise combinations of the five stimuli, followed by all 10 triplet combinations of the five stimuli. Mirroring the findings with monkeys (Cebus apella), humans showed a first-item effect, a missing-item effect, and a symbolic-distance effect. These results suggest that during the course of learning the five-item serial-order task humans form an internal representation of the series and access that representation to guide their behavior. 相似文献
70.
Cross-country comparative studies of religion (e.g. the Religion Monitor) do not cover some important issues regarding the religious situation in Russia. The problem of contemporary Russian religiosity is beyond individual religiosity or religiosity as a spiritual phenomenon. In Russia—one of the countries which experienced Communism as a period of enforced secularization, there are very few people who have had any religious socialization or who have the experience of belonging to the Christian Church or to any religion. The main point of this article is that what is happening with religion in post-Soviet Russia cannot be adequately explained by the concept of ‘public religion’ and the dichotomy of public vs. private religion, due to the practices of private religion manifesting at a very low level among the Russian population, despite the fact that a large number of Russians consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians. However, the representation of the Church in the public sphere has little to do with what concerns Russians who are in some way involved in parishes. As an alternative tool we propose to describe the religiosity of Russians through the methods of network analysis. Results of a content analysis of contemporary Russian and Soviet media, survey data of the Russian population, and data obtained in a network analysis of parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church are used for substantiating this conclusion. 相似文献