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Jill A. Jacobson Li-Jun Ji Peter H. Ditto Zhiyong Zhang Dara H. Sorkin Sarah K. Warren 《Psychology & health》2013,28(10):1194-1210
Objective: The current studies examined if cultural and self-construal differences in self-enhancement extended to defensive responses to health threats. Design: Responses to fictitious medical diagnoses were compared between Asian-Americans and European-North Americans in Experiment 1 and between Canadians primed with an interdependent versus an independent self-construal in Experiment 3. In Experiment 2, the responses of Chinese and Canadians who were either heavy or light soft drink consumers were assessed after reading an article linking soft drink consumption to insulin resistance. Main outcome measure: The primary-dependent measure reflected participants’ defensiveness about threatening versus nonthreatening health information. Results: In Experiment 1, all participants responded more defensively to an unfavourable than a favourable diagnosis; however, Asian-Americans responded less defensively than did European-North Americans. In Experiment 2, all high soft drink consumers were less convinced by the threatening information than were low soft drink consumers; however, among high consumers, Chinese changed their self-reported consumption levels less than did European-Canadians. In Experiment 3, interdependence-primed participants responded less defensively to an unfavourable diagnosis than did independence-primed participants. Conclusion: Defensive reactions to threatening health information were found consistently; however, self-enhancement was more pronounced in individuals with Western cultural backgrounds or independent self-construals. 相似文献
43.
Aparajita B. Kuriyan William E. Pelham Jr. Brooke S. G. Molina Daniel A. Waschbusch Elizabeth M. Gnagy Margaret H. Sibley Dara E. Babinski Christine Walther JeeWon Cheong Jihnhee Yu Kristine M. Kent 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2013,41(1):27-41
Decreased success at work and educational attainment by adulthood are of concern for children with ADHD given their widely documented academic difficulties; however there are few studies that have examined this empirically and even fewer that have studied predictors and individual variability of these outcomes. The current study compares young adults with and without a childhood diagnosis of ADHD on educational and occupational outcomes and the predictors of these outcomes. Participants were from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a prospective study with yearly data collection. Significant group differences were found for nearly all variables such that educational and occupational attainment was lower for adults with compared to adults without histories of childhood ADHD. Despite the mean difference, educational functioning was wide-ranging. High school academic achievement significantly predicted enrollment in post-high school education and academic and disciplinary problems mediated the relationship between childhood ADHD and post-high school education. Interestingly, ADHD diagnosis and disciplinary problems negatively predicted occupational status while enrollment in post-high school education was a positive predictor. Job loss was positively predicted by a higher rate of academic problems and diagnosis of ADHD. This study supports the need for interventions that target the child and adolescent predictors of later educational and occupational outcomes in addition to continuing treatment of ADHD in young adulthood targeting developmentally appropriate milestones, such as completing post-high school education and gaining and maintaining stable employment. 相似文献
44.
Attitudes toward Blacks and Arabs immediately following a terrorist attack on the United States, as well as 1 year later, were investigated. White undergraduate students completed a modified version of the Should‐Would Discrepancy Questionnaire (Monteith & Voils, 1998), assessing beliefs about what they should do in certain situations pertaining to race and what they would do in these situations. Additionally, daily self‐reported levels of news exposure were measured. The result was that the participants both believed that they should and would be more prejudiced toward Arabs than toward Blacks, at both Time 1 and Time 2. Furthermore, at Time 1, there was a trend for participants reporting high levels of daily news exposure (television, radio, Internet, and newspapers) to be more prejudiced toward Arabs than were participants who reported low levels. No effect of news exposure on attitudes toward Blacks was found at Time 1. At Time 2, however, participants reporting greater amounts of news exposure were more prejudiced toward Blacks than were participants reporting medium or low levels. Possible reasons for and implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
45.
Defining a composition operation on sets of formulas one obtains a many-sorted algebra which satisfies the superassociative
law and one more identity. This algebra is called the clone of formulas of the given type. The interpretations of formulas
on an algebraic system of the same type form a many-sorted algebra with similar properties. The satisfaction of a formula
by an algebraic system defines a Galois connection between classes of algebraic systems of the same type and collections of
formulas. Hypersubstitutions are mappings sending pairs of operation symbols to pairs of terms of the corresponding arities
and relation symbols to formulas of the same arities. Using hypersubstitutions we define hyperformulas. Satisfaction of a
hyperformula by an algebraic system defines a second Galois connection between classes of algebraic systems of the same type
and collections of formulas. A class of algebraic systems is said to be solid if every formula which is satisfied is also
satisfied as a hyperformula. On the basis of these two Galois connections we construct a conjugate pair of additive closure
operators and are able to characterize solid classes of algebraic systems.
Presented by Wojciech Buszkowski 相似文献
46.
Devon E. Hinton Dara Chhean Stefan G. Hofmann Scott P. Orr Roger K. Pitman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(2):100-110
In an orthostatic challenge, Cambodian patients with orthostatic panic in the last month (OP patients) sometimes panicked
during orthostatic challenge, whereas those without orthostatic panic in the last month (NOP patients) did not. Also, OP patients
with primarily dizziness during orthostatic challenge panic (OPOCP-D) had a less vigorous physiological response than two other groups: (a) OP patients with primarily palpitations during orthostatic
challenge panic (OPOCP-P) and (b) NOP patients who had no symptoms during orthostatic challenge (NOPNOCP-NS). Among the patients experiencing orthostatic challenge–induced panic (i.e., the OPOCP-D and OPOCP-P patients), there were prominent orthostatic challenge–induced flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions, and the severity of
orthostatic challenge–induced flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions correlated with the severity of orthostatic panic in
the previous month and with the severity of orthostatic challenge–induced panic. 相似文献
47.
Dara N. Greenwood 《Sex roles》2007,57(9-10):725-732
Although research has shown that affinity for aggressive media characters is linked to greater aggressive tendencies, the increasingly prevalent female action hero has received little empirical scrutiny to date. The present study surveyed 85 undergraduate women in Michigan, United States to determine whether identification with and/or idealization (wishful identification) of a favorite female action hero was associated with aggressive tendencies. Results show that behavioral idealization of an action hero was linked to increased self-reported aggressive behaviors and feelings. Behavioral identification (perceived similarity), by contrast, was not significantly associated with behavioral or affective aggression and showed an inverse relationship with relational aggression. Findings highlight the potentially distinct psychological mechanisms and consequences for idealizing vs. identifying with a favorite female action character. 相似文献
48.
Files FJ Meyer A Cantz P Young M Sierra G Berman D Stachelski A Cantz V 《The Journal of general psychology》2006,133(2):183-189
The authors used the sucrose-substitution procedure to train operant self-administration of a 10% alcohol solution in 8 Long-Evans rats. After they established stable responding, they began a 10-session baseline. A 10-session experimental phase followed the baseline phase. During the experimental phase, the authors placed a large glass marble in the center of the experimental chambers before self-administration sessions. The presence of the marble decreased the rats' responding and alcohol intake significantly. The authors discussed the results in terms of distraction and the effects of concurrently available reinforcers on alcohol self-administration. 相似文献
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Negative exchanges have been shown to detract from psychological well-being in later life, but little research has investigated how older adults respond to such exchanges. The authors examined older adults' coping responses, goals, and effectiveness following a specific negative social exchange. The findings revealed that participants' coping responses and the effectiveness of these responses varied as a function of their coping goals. The results underscore the importance of considering older adults' coping responses and goals when evaluating factors that affect the impact of negative social exchanges on well-being in later life. 相似文献
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Dara R. Musher‐Eizenman Paul Boxer Stephanie Danner Eric F. Dubow Sara E. Goldstein Donna M.L. Heretick 《Aggressive behavior》2004,30(5):389-408
Tested a theoretical model in which social cognitions about aggression partially mediated the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children's aggressive behavior. An ethnically diverse sample of 778 children (57% girls) in grades 4–6 from both urban and suburban schools participated. Measures included exposure to aggression (seeing/hearing about aggression, victimization), emotion regulation (impulsivity, anger control), social cognitions about aggression (self‐evaluation, self‐efficacy, retaliation approval, aggressive fantasizing, caring about consequences), and aggressive behavior. Results supported the hypothesis that social cognitions mediate the relations of exposure to aggression and anger control to aggressive behavior. Also, social cognitions about direct and indirect aggression differentially predicted the respective behaviors with which they are associated. That is, social cognitions about direct aggression were mediators of direct aggressive behavior, whereas social cognitions about indirect aggression were mediators of indirect aggressive behavior. Finally, gender moderated the relations among the variables such that for girls, retaliation approval beliefs were a strong mediator, whereas for boys, self‐evaluation was more important. Aggr. Behav. 30:389–408, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献