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71.
Infant speech perception bootstraps word learning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
By their first birthday, infants can understand many spoken words. Research in cognitive development has long focused on the conceptual changes that accompany word learning, but learning new words also entails perceptual sophistication. Several developmental steps are required as infants learn to segment, identify and represent the phonetic forms of spoken words, and map those word forms to different concepts. We review recent research on how infants' perceptual systems unfold in the service of word learning, from initial sensitivity for speech to the learning of language-specific sound patterns. Building on a recent theoretical framework and emerging new methodologies, we show how speech perception is crucial for word learning, and suggest that it bootstraps the development of a separate but parallel phonological system that links sound to meaning. 相似文献
72.
Arzu Karakulak Maria Stogianni Itziar Alonso-Arbiol Shanu Shukla Michael Bender Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Veljko Jovanović Pasquale Musso Rosa Scardigno Riley A. Scott Jaimee Stuart Maria-Therese Friehs Zena Toh Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir Alexios Arvanitis Carmen Buzea Stefanos Mastrotheodoros Jo-Ann Tsang Filipa Madeira Diana Miconi Nicole Russell Pascual Wade C. Rowatt Rosemary L. Al-Kire Moty Amar Tugce Aral Guy Itzchakov Sushanta Kumar Mishra Roni Porat Rocco Servidio Delia Stefenel Ergyul Tair Alexandros Gkomez 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(11):e12878
Using cross-sectional data from N = 4274 young adults across 16 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) scale and tested the hypothesis that the association between PVD and fear of COVID-19 is stronger under high disease threat [that is, absence of COVID-19 vaccination, living in a country with lower Human Development Index (HDI) or higher COVID-19 mortality]. Results supported a bi-factor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling model where items loaded on a global PVD factor, and on the sub-factors of Perceived Infectability and Germ Aversion. However, cross-national invariance could only be obtained on the configural level with a reduced version of the PVD scale (PVD-r), suggesting that the concept of PVD may vary across nations. Moreover, higher PVD-r was consistently associated with greater fear of COVID-19 across all levels of disease threat, but this association was especially pronounced among individuals with a COVID-19 vaccine, and in contexts where COVID-19 mortality was high. The present research brought clarity into the dimensionality of the PVD measure, discussed its suitability and limitations for cross-cultural research, and highlighted the pandemic-related conditions under which higher PVD is most likely to go along with psychologically maladaptive outcomes, such as fear of COVID-19. 相似文献
73.
Tamara F. Mangleburg M. Joseph Sirgy Dhruv Grewal Danny Axsom Maria Hatzios C. B. Claiborne Trina Bogle 《Journal of business and psychology》1998,13(1):101-113
In this paper, we address the question of whether prior experience with a product moderates the extent to which the use of user-image based cues and utilitarian cues are predictive of brand attitude. Specifically, high experience consumers were expected to focus more on utilitarian cues and low experience consumers to focus on user-image based cues. Results of two studies generally support these predictions. 相似文献
74.
U.S. military policy “Don't Ask Don't Tell” (DADT) restricted integration of gays in the U.S. military based on the premise that knowledge of gay peers would decrease interpersonal bonds among unit members. Despite the heated debate over DADT, this social cohesion thesis, reflecting the tensions of homosocial desire, has not been tested empirically. The Israeli military provides an operative case‐study for this thesis, given its nonexclusionary policy and intensive combat experience. Measures of perceived social cohesion and knowledge of gay peers were obtained from a sample of 417 combat and noncombat male soldiers using an inventory of interpersonal emotions towards unit members. A MANOVA of social cohesion by knowledge of gay peers and combat/noncombat unit yielded the hypothesized increase in cohesion in combat versus noncombat units. Yet contrary to the DADT premise, knowledge of gay peers did not yield decreased social cohesion. Comparisons with the U.S. military are presented, suggesting in both cases a loose coupling between stated policies and soldiers' experience on the ground. Implications of these findings for the reassessment of DADT and its repeal are discussed. 相似文献
75.
76.
Crime Type,Perceived Stereotypicality,and Memory Biases: A Contextual Model of Eyewitness Identification
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The fallibility of eyewitness identifications is well documented. Nevertheless, research has yet to assess the possibility that the type of crime committed systematically influences who eyewitnesses mistakenly identify. We address this oversight by presenting a contextual model of eyewitness identification (CMEI). The CMEI asserts that discrete crimes automatically activate distinct stereotypes about a perpetrator's appearance. Depending on the congruence between these stereotypes and the perpetrator's actual appearance, eyewitnesses will remember the perpetrator as appearing more (or less) representative of his or her group (i.e., higher or lower on perceived stereotypicality). Estimator and system variables are posited to affect identifications at different stages of the identification process. The literatures on stereotype activation, perceived stereotypicality, and stereotype‐consistent memory biases are reviewed to support the CMEI. Our conceptual integration provides a model of eyewitness identification that explains when mistaken identifications are likely to occur and who they are likely to affect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
Sophie E. Yeung 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(6):733-755
ABSTRACT Objectives: Blood pressure is an indicator of vascular health that has been associated with cognition and quality of life in older age. Few studies have examined blood pressure across everyday cognitive tasks, which may have superior predictive functional utility than traditional cognitive measures. We explored blood pressure as a predictor of everyday problem solving (EPS) performance in middle-aged and older women. Method: Community-dwelling women (age: 51–91) with low-normal blood pressure to mild hypertension underwent traditional and everyday cognitive testing. EPS was determined by the number of safe/effective solutions generated for real-world scenarios. Results: Analyses revealed that lower systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were associated with worse EPS ability after controlling for age, education, and traditional cognitive abilities. Discussion: These results support that blood pressure may be an important predictor of everyday cognitive abilities in older age. Potential implications for real-world functioning are discussed. 相似文献
78.
Dan R. Johnson Brandie L. Huffman Danny M. Jasper 《Basic and applied social psychology》2013,35(1):83-90
Participants read a story about a counterstereotypical Muslim woman and were then asked to determine the race of ambiguous-race Arab-Caucasian faces. Compared to a content-matched control condition, participants who read the narrative exhibited lower categorical race bias by making fewer categorical race judgments and perceiving greater genetic overlap between Arabs and Caucasians (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, participants determined the race of ambiguous-race Arab-Caucasian faces depicting low and moderate anger. Emotion-related perceptual race bias was observed in the control conditions where higher intensity anger expressions led participants to disproportionately categorize faces as Arab. This bias was eliminated in the narrative condition. 相似文献
79.
Danny Tengti Kao 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(10):2007-2016
This research explores the interaction effect of terminology and source credibility on communication effectiveness between prevention‐focused and promotion‐focused individuals. Results reveal that communication messages containing terminologies are more effective than those containing no terminologies for promotion‐focused individuals, whereas messages containing no terminologies are more effective than those containing terminologies for prevention‐focused individuals. Furthermore, messages containing terminologies endorsed by either a high‐ or a low‐credibility source are more effective than those containing no terminology information for promotion‐focused individuals. However, for prevention‐focused individuals, communication messages containing terminologies endorsed by a highly credible source are more effective than those containing no terminology information. Alternatively, communication messages containing no terminology information are more effective than those containing terminologies endorsed by a low credible source. 相似文献
80.