Binocular rivalry and visual awareness: the role of attention

When the right eye and the left eye view dissimilar scenes, the observer does not experience a stable superimposed percept of the images presented to the two eyes, but instead perceives an alternation between the images seen by each eye. A critical question confronting this robust and intriguing phenomenon of binocular rivalry is how the visual system selects the image to be perceived (dominant). The current main-stream literature emphasizes a bottom-up explanation in which the rivalry stimulus with the higher contour strength has the advantage, and becomes dominant in rivalry. Nevertheless, some workers in the past have favored an attention-selection explanation for binocular rivalry. We investigated the role of attention in binocular rivalry by employing novel psychophysical paradigms which capitalized on several established phenomena (e.g. the Cheshire Cat effect, attention cueing, pop-out effect). Our results revealed two major aspects of attention modulation in binocular rivalry. We found that a dominant image is less likely to be suppressed when voluntary attention is directed to it. This suggests the role of voluntary attention in retaining the dominant image in visual awareness. Second, a rivalry stimulus is more likely to become dominant if accompanied by a pop-out cue (in the same eye and proximity). Since a pop-out cue attracts involuntary attention to its location/eye, this result suggests that cue-mediated involuntary attention can promote the ability of a rivalry stimulus to reach visual awareness.     

论认知科学对文章阅读研究的影响

以信息加工为基本范式的当代认知科学极大地影响和深化了阅读心理的研究。本文结合国内外现有研究,首先回顾了文章阅读认知加工研究的发展历程,然后总结了当代认知科学对文章阅读心理研究的主要贡献之所在,并对在认知科学影响下该领域未来的发展趋势和方向进行了分析与展望。     

关于小学生应用题结构认知发展的初步研究(Ⅱ)

本文是《关于小学生应用题结构认知发展的初步研究(Ⅰ)》的继续,进一步介绍小学生在应用题数量关系结构方面的认知发展特点。指出帮助学生掌握一般解题数量关系式是应用题教学的一个重要任务。     

肌电和皮温生物反馈及其和自我训练结合控制考试焦虑有效性的比较研究

本文比较了肌电和皮温生物反馈以及反馈与自我训练结合等方法对改善考试焦虑的有效性。采用状态—特质焦虑问卷的状态焦虑分选择48名高考应届考生为实验受试。将这些受试随机分成6组,每组8人,分别为:1.肌电反馈加自我训练;2.单肌电反馈;3.皮温反馈加自我训练;4.单皮温反馈;5.假反馈和 6.延迟训练等组。训练前后分别测试了各位受试在故意制造的紧张气氛中完成测验作业时的肌电和皮温变化以及状态焦虑的水平。比较结果表明:1.生物反馈改善考试焦虑是有效的,皮温和肌电反馈有效性相当;2.生物反馈和自我训练结合效果似乎更佳;3.假反馈训练的效果虽然比不训练略好,但两者无明显的区别;4.初始状态焦虑程度越高,经训练,焦虑水平下降幅度也越大。     

中国人眼光谱相对视亮度函数的研究 Ⅱ 暗视函数

一、引 言 人眼作为光接受器,对于可见光谱内的不同波长的辐射有不同的视亮度或感受性。随着光照水平的变化,人眼的这种光谱感受性又有明显的变化:在明视条件下,正常人眼最敏感的部位在黄绿区内;在暗视条件下,敏感峰值向短波段推移,在蓝绿区。这种现象称为朴金耶(purkinje)位移。它是由网膜机能的双重性所决定的——明视觉主要是锥体     

Effects of visual attentional load on low-level auditory scene analysis

The sharing of processing resources between the senses was investigated by examining the effects of visual task load on auditory event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In Experiment 1, participants completed both a zero-back and a one-back visual task while a tone pattern or a harmonic series was presented. N1 and P2 waves were modulated by visual task difficulty, but neither mismatch negativity (MMN) elicited by deviant stimuli from the tone pattern nor object-related negativity (ORN) elicited by mistuning from the harmonic series was affected. In Experiment 2, participants responded to identity (what) or location (where) in vision, while ignoring sounds alternating in either pitch (what) or location (where). Auditory ERP modulations were consistent with task difficulty, rather than with task specificity. In Experiment 3, we investigated auditory ERP generation under conditions of no visual task. The results are discussed with respect to a distinction between process-general (N1 and P2) and processspecific (MMN and ORN) auditory ERPs.     

Consumer privacy concerns in entrepreneurial contexts: Evidence from an online experiment

The causal link between customer privacy concerns and organizational nature—specifically, entrepreneurial startups versus mature enterprises—remains unexplored. Using an online experiment, this study examines whether consumers' privacy concerns differ between these two types of organizations. Drawing on protection motivation theory, the study investigates whether customers' privacy concerns are stronger toward entrepreneurial startups than toward mature firms when both declare privacy protection. It further explores whether consumer participation in designing privacy protection mechanisms differently affects consumers' privacy concerns toward start-ups versus mature firms. The empirical results of an online experiment using a sample of 373 college students support the study hypotheses that (i) for unilateral privacy protection declarations, consumers' privacy concerns are higher toward entrepreneurial startups, and (ii) when consumers are invited to participate in designing privacy protection mechanisms, consumers' privacy concerns toward entrepreneurial startups significantly decrease. Our findings complement the literature on consumer privacy defensive behaviors by highlighting that consumer privacy concerns are associated with the organizational nature and privacy protection initiatives.     

Contributions of linguistic,quantitative, and spatial attention skills to young children's math versus reading: Same,different, or both?

The study used Bayesian and Frequentist methods to investigate whether the roles of linguistic, quantitative, and spatial attention skills are distinct in children's acquisition of reading and math. A sample of 175 Chinese kindergarteners was tested with measures of linguistic skills (phonological awareness and phonological memory), quantitative knowledge (number line task, symbolic digit comparison, and non-symbolic number estimation), spatial attention skills (visual span, mental rotation, and visual search), word reading, and calculation. After statistically controlling for age and nonverbal intelligence, phonological awareness and digit comparison performance explained unique variance in both math and reading. Moreover, number line estimation was specifically important for math, while phonological memory was specifically essential for reading. These findings highlight the possibility of developing early screening tools with different cognitive measures for children at risk of learning disabilities in reading and/or math.     

Experiencing Buddhist practices promotes nonbelievers’ preference for future rewards in intertemporal choices

Religious individuals often prefer future rewards more in intertemporal decision-making than nonreligious individuals, but the reasons behind this preference remain under-investigated. Focusing on decision-making in Buddhist culture, the current study aimed to examine three potential mechanisms: Buddhist practices, self-control and belief in future-oriented concepts. In five studies, we consistently found that nonbelievers’ preference ratings for Larger and Later (LL) options increased after visiting a temple (Study 1, n = 99) or participating in Buddha name chanting (Studies 2–5, n = 314). We also found in Studies 3 and 4 that this effect was mediated by the individual's level of self-control, but no evidence was found to support the mediation of belief in future-oriented concepts. These results contribute to the work attesting to the effect of religious practices on individuals (especially nonbelievers). They also provide a mechanism (self-control) for the positive correlation between individuals’ religiousness and preference for future rewards in intertemporal decision-making.     

超声诊断肝癌认识的扩展与深化

超声显像诊断肝癌经历了简单描述其回声特点、这些声学特征瑟病理的联系,阐述肝癌血供到从恶性肿瘤侵袭性的角度来理解肝癌原发和继发性超声征象等的认识层次不断深化扩展的过程。