象征的捕捉--论拉康的"象征界"理论

在20世纪60年代的法国,拉康一度与列维·斯特劳斯、米歇尔·福柯和罗兰·巴尔特齐名为结构主义冒险四巨头.他对结构主义运动的贡献集中体现在其关于能指及"象征界"的理论上.在其"三界"理论中,"象征界"不仅具有一种优先地位,而且还具有某种至上性与支配性.     

Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders

The present study examined relations among neighborhood structural and social characteristics, parenting practices, peer group affiliations, and delinquency among a group of serious adolescent offenders. The sample of 14-18-year-old boys (N=488) was composed primarily of economically disadvantaged, ethnic-minority youth living in urban communities. The results indicate that weak neighborhood social organization is indirectly related to delinquency through its associations with parenting behavior and peer deviance and that a focus on just 1 of these microsystems can lead to oversimplified models of risk for juvenile offending. The authors also find that community social ties may confer both pro- and antisocial influences to youth, and they advocate for a broad conceptualization of neighborhood social processes as these relate to developmental risk for youth living in disadvantaged communities.     

Young children can extend motion verbs to point-light displays

In the first study using point-light displays (lights corresponding to the joints of the human body) to examine children's understanding of verbs, 3-year-olds were tested to see if they could perceive familiar actions that corresponded to motion verbs (e.g., walking). Experiment 1 showed that children could extend familiar motion verbs (e.g., walking and dancing) to videotaped point-light actions shown in the intermodal preferential looking paradigm. Children watched the action that matched the requested verb significantly more than they watched the action that did not match the verb. In Experiment 2, the findings of Experiment 1 were validated by having children spontaneously produce verbs for these actions. The use of point-light displays may illuminate the factors that contribute to verb learning.     

Attempted suicide among young rural women in the People's Republic of China: possibilities for prevention

This article reports on a sample of 147 women under age 35 living in rural areas in China who had attempted suicide and were treated in the emergency room of hospitals in four different locations. The interview instrument took 2 to 3 hours to complete and included audiotaped in-depth interviews with the patient and family members (separately); detailed evaluation of the circumstances surrounding the attempt, life events, and the family environment; and a formal psychiatric evaluation by an attending-level psychiatrist. Overwhelmingly, the method used by the attempters was poisoning with highly lethal pesticides and organic fertilizers. The women's suicidal behavior was characterized by high levels of impulsivity; little effort to seclude themselves before and after ingesting poison; and low rates of mental illness, including depression. Detailed suggestions are made about ways to implement suicide prevention strategies within the particular social and economic context of China.     

Millisecond-accurate synchronization of visual stimulus displays for cognitive research

A widely adopted approach in cognitive psychology research is to analyze changes in the response time to a stimulus onset in order to infer information about the cognitive functioning of a subject being tested. But current techniques have inherent variations in the timing between stimulus activation and stimulus display of up to tens of milliseconds, thereby introducing significant errors when response time or the latency of neural responses is measured. This article presents a novel yet easy-to-implement solution for improving resolution in the synchronizing of stimulus activation and stimulus display. Unlike traditional methods in which the stimulus onset is set as the time at which the routine for displaying the stimulus is called, this approach uses DirectX to monitor the scan line of CRTs and sets the stimulus onset to the time at which the scan line arrives at the position where the stimulus is to be drawn. This approach removes the uncertainty involved in having a time delay between the activation of the display routine and the actual time at which the display occurs, improving the accuracy of response time and latency period measurements to within 200 μsec. With a specially developed driver, this solution can generate a trigger signal synchronized precisely with the stimulus onset in all popular Windows systems (including Windows 2000/XP).     

试论明太祖的佛教政策

明太祖对佛教实行既整顿和限制、又保护和提倡的政策。其中,洪武前期侧重于保护和提倡,后期则着力整顿和限制。明太祖佛教政策的产生,不仅有复杂和深刻的社会原因,也与他独特的个人经历、喜好有密切关系。明太祖佛教政策的实施,维护和巩固了明王朝的统治,促进了明初经济恢复和发展以及百姓生活的改善,但也给广大百姓套上更加沉重的封建枷锁;使明初佛教迅速恢复和发展,促进了佛教诸宗的融通,奠定了后日僧寺分立制度,加剧了佛学的衰微。     

文本信息的激活与整合：阅读优生与差生的比较

探讨阅读优生与差生文本阅读过程中文本信息的激活与整合模式,包括3个实验。实验一通过运用不一致实验范式（inconsistent paradigm）考察阅读优生与阅读差生能否形成整体连贯性与局部连贯性。结果发现,阅读差生难以形成整体连贯性。实验二运用探测－核证范式（probe-verification paradigm）通过比较在三个位置后（人物特征描述、填充段落、目标句）的探测句的反应时间,探讨阅读差生不能形成整体连贯性的原因是由于不能激活先前的信息,还是整合信息时出现了问题。结果发现阅读差生与优生一样都可以激活先前的信息,说明阅读差生不能形成整体连贯性的原因可能是整合的问题。实验三进一步验证了阅读差生不能形成整体连贯性的原因是由于不能把已经激活的信息很好地加以整合所致。     

应对风格与焦虑水平、任务完成效率关系的实验研究

通过实验的方法来考察应对风格、应激情境对焦虑水平、任务完成效率的影响。结果表明：应对风格和应激情境对焦虑水平和任务完成效率影响的主效应和交互效应都非常显著。在实验中,控制型应对风格的个体总体上表现出较低的焦虑水平和较高的任务完成效率。在低任务难度情境下,灵活应对风格和控制型应对风格的个体比非控制型应对风格和反常应对风格的个体表现出更低的焦虑水平和更高的任务完成效率,而且不同应对风格被试在焦虑水平和获胜率上的差异显著。     

应对方式的生态瞬时评估法及其他测量方法简介

生态瞬时评估法（EMA）是当前对应对方式进行测量的一种较为先进的方法。它也广泛适用于其它社会科学和行为科学领域,因此在西方发达国家得到了较为广泛的应用。文章重点介绍了EMA的特点、使用方法、使用情况、适用条件和优缺点等。由于EMA特别适合于研究过程性的问题,因此用它来研究应对是非常恰当的。另外,文章还简单介绍并评价了其它的应对方式测量方法,并指出将来对应对方式进行测量的趋势。     

试论道教内丹术与命门水火概念的变迁

道教内丹术对中医命门学说的形成具有重要的影响。自《内经》、《难经》有关命门的论述以后,道教丹经对命门进行深入的探讨,包括命门位置、形态及功能等基本概念。元气说与心肾水火相结合而产生了命门水火这一概念。本文意在对命门学说形成之前,对相关历史时期丹经著作中命门相关位置、功能的概念变迁作初步研究,从而揭示这一变迁过程中道教内丹术的实际贡献。