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441.
Avidan Milevsky Melissa Schlechter Sarah Netter Danielle Keehn 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(1):39-47
Our study examined variations in adolescent adjustment as a function of maternal and paternal parenting styles. Participants
included 272 students in grades 9 and 11 from a public high school in a metropolitan area of the Northeastern US. Participants
completed measures of maternal and paternal parenting styles and indices of psychological adjustment. Authoritative mothering
was found to relate to higher self-esteem and life-satisfaction and to lower depression. Paternal parenting styles was also
related to psychological adjustment, however, although the advantage of authoritative mothering over permissive mothering
was evident for all outcomes assessed, for paternal styles the advantage was less defined and only evident for depression.
Our study highlights the importance of examining process-oriented agents as part of the broader interest in well-being variations
in adolescents. 相似文献
442.
Matthijs van den Berg Danielle R M Timmermans Dirk L Knol Jacques Th M van Eijk Denhard J de Smit John M G van Vugt Gerrit van der Wal 《Health psychology》2008,27(4):430-437
OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at enhancing understanding prenatal screening decision making through testing a hypothesized decision model based on decision theory and health behavior theory. DESIGN: We obtained questionnaires from 1,666 pregnant women who were offered prenatal screening for Down's syndrome. Path analysis (using LISREL) resulted in a final model with reasonable model fit, which was verified by split-sample cross-validation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: These included perceived probability, perceived severity, attitude toward termination, response efficacy, attitude toward prenatal screening, subjective norm, child-related anxiety, and intention to undergo prenatal screening. RESULTS: Attitude toward termination of pregnancy, perceived test efficacy, and subjective norm regarding the desirability of having prenatal screening determined a woman's attitude toward having a prenatal test. Anxiety was influenced by perceived risk and perceived severity of having a child with Down's syndrome, and by subjective norm, but this appeared to be a weak predictor of intention to test. Pregnant women with a positive attitude toward prenatal screening, and who perceived a subjective norm in favor of undergoing prenatal screening, showed a greater intention to have prenatal screening done. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that more attention should be paid toward the values and social context of pregnant women during the counseling process. 相似文献
443.
While several studies suggest that individuals with autism use prior knowledge appropriately, others have found that this may be a particular area of weakness. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether individuals with autism and Asperger’s syndrome utilize prior knowledge when pairing objects with colours. Participants were presented with cards illustrating common objects and asked to pair them with one of two colour patches. Some target objects were coloured inappropriately (e.g. blue banana), allowing a participant to pair it either with blue or yellow. Results indicated that a majority of participants chose the associated in preference to the surface colour. This suggests that prior knowledge governed pairing in many individuals with autism and Asperger’s syndrome as it did in comparison groups, except in typically developing children aged 5 years. However, those with autism and moderate learning difficulties were less affected by prior knowledge than some of the other groups. 相似文献
444.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
445.
Pamela Schuetze Danielle Molnar Rina D. Eiden Shannon Shisler Junru Zhao Craig R. Colder Marilyn A. Huestis 《Infant mental health journal》2020,41(4):530-542
The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of maternal sensitivity on the association between prenatal adversity and externalizing behaviors at 24 months of age in a diverse, high-risk sample. We hypothesized that among children with higher prenatal adversity, high maternal sensitivity would serve as a protective factor. Participants were 247 primarily low-income, diverse dyads. Results indicated a significant interaction effect of maternal sensitivity and prenatal adversity on externalizing problems. The association between prenatal adversity and externalizing behaviors was significant only among children who experienced low prenatal adversity, with higher maternal sensitivity associated with lower externalizing behaviors. These findings indicate that, in the absence of high prenatal risk, responsive and sensitive parenting can buffer children in an otherwise high-risk sample from the development of externalizing behaviors. 相似文献
446.
Ed Donnellan Colin Bannard Michelle L. McGillion Katie E. Slocombe Danielle Matthews 《Developmental science》2020,23(1)
What aspects of infants’ prelinguistic communication are most valuable for learning to speak, and why? We test whether early vocalizations and gestures drive the transition to word use because, in addition to indicating motoric readiness, they (a) are early instances of intentional communication and (b) elicit verbal responses from caregivers. In study 1, 11 month olds (N = 134) were observed to coordinate vocalizations and gestures with gaze to their caregiver's face at above chance rates, indicating that they are plausibly intentionally communicative. Study 2 tested whether those infant communicative acts that were gaze‐coordinated best predicted later expressive vocabulary. We report a novel procedure for predicting vocabulary via multi‐model inference over a comprehensive set of infant behaviours produced at 11 and 12 months (n = 58). This makes it possible to establish the relative predictive value of different behaviours that are hierarchically organized by level of granularity. Gaze‐coordinated vocalizations were the most valuable predictors of expressive vocabulary size up to 24 months. Study 3 established that caregivers were more likely to respond to gaze‐coordinated behaviours. Moreover, the dyadic combination of infant gaze‐coordinated vocalization and caregiver response was by far the best predictor of later vocabulary size. We conclude that practice with prelinguistic intentional communication facilitates the leap to symbol use. Learning is optimized when caregivers respond to intentional vocalizations with appropriate language. 相似文献
447.
Danielle M. Karazinov Robert A. Boakes 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》2004,57(2):153-178
Summation tests were used to assess whether participants in a human predictive judgement task learned that some cues (foods) prevented the occurrence of the outcome (migraine). In three experiments the preventative effect of a conditioned inhibitor, I, trained in the design, P+, PI-, I-, was stronger than that of a negative control cue, N, that had been presented alone with the same frequency and simply predicted no outcome. This control cue, N, also passed the summation test when compared to a novel control cue. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether the latter negative control effect was attributable to differential inhibition. Manipulations designed to alter context learning and the magnitude of the negative contingency did not affect the properties of the negative control cue. Thus, these experiments did not support the possibility that a cue given simple negative training acquires differential inhibition. Regardless of the mechanism underlying the negative control effect, the consistent finding that the conditioned inhibition cue, I, reduced prediction of the outcome more than did the negative control cue, N, provides evidence for true conditioned inhibition whose acquisition requires co-occurrence of the preventative cue with a positive training cue. 相似文献
448.
Danielle M. Weber Melanie S. Fischer Donald H. Baucom Brian R. W. Baucom Joachim Engl Franz Thurmaier Alexandra K. Wojda Kurt Hahlweg 《Family process》2021,60(1):251-269
Relationship distress and divorce are major risk factors for the development or exacerbation of psychopathology and psychosocial impairments. Given that heightened negative emotions within couples’ interactions may portend negative relationship outcomes, it is critical to understand how emotions unfold across a conversation and how partners may influence each other’s immediate emotional experiences. This study examined whether these regulatory dynamics within one interaction predicted relationship satisfaction concurrently and 25 years later. Vocally‐encoded emotional arousal (f0) was measured during couples’ (N = 25 couples) conversations about a relationship issue. Across different analytical strategies, results demonstrate that one partner’s f0 dynamics had immediate and long‐term associations with the other partner’s satisfaction. Partners were less satisfied if the other partner (a) expressed higher f0 overall and (b) escalated more in f0 across the conversation. Yet, partners were more satisfied when their f0 escalated across the conversation. Also, women specifically were more satisfied if their f0 remained elevated longer before regulating back to their emotional baseline. Thus, higher f0 was associated with higher satisfaction in the same partner, but associated with less satisfaction in the other partner—particularly when these emotions come from women. It may be that partners have to decide whether to prioritize expressing their emotions fully or limit expression in the service of their partner’s happiness. These findings challenge us to think of ways to address this “win–lose” scenario so that couples can balance both partners’ emotional needs and preserve relationship quality across the life span. 相似文献
449.
450.
A large body of literature demonstrates the association between body image disturbances and health compromising behaviors among women (e.g., pathological eating, substance use, inappropriate exercise). However, given that disturbed body image is a pervasive problem, it is likely inversely related to health maintenance behaviors. Cancer screenings for breast, skin, and cervical cancer represent an important type of health maintenance behavior, yet adherence rates are low. Given the body-focused nature of these screenings, body image may be a salient predictor. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between body image disturbances and cancer screening behaviors among women culminating in the proposal of a theoretical model. This model posits that body shame and body avoidance predict performance of cancer screenings and that variables drawn from the cancer literature, including risk perception, health anxiety, subjective norms, and self-efficacy, may moderate this relationship. Clinical implications and suggestions for research are discussed. 相似文献