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971.
The terms du (獨) and shendu (慎獨) frequently appear in transmitted texts, notably, among others, the Xunzi and Liji. Drawing reference from the poetry of “Shijiu” (鳲鳩) (Ode 152) and “Yanyan” (燕燕) (Ode 28) in the Book of Odes (詩經), the recovered texts of “Wuxing Commentary” (五行 說) and “Confucian Poetics” (孔子詩論) have provided new material for re-shaping our current understanding of the concepts of du and shendu. This study will briefly survey the semantic ranges of these terms within the exegetical tradition and explore their meaning with regard to the poetry from which they are contextualized. In the final analysis du can be understood as the ontic quality of the heart-mind within the broad sense of cheng (誠 sincerity), or devout love, whereas shendu can be regarded as a process of moral cultivation. To some extent the re-interpretation of these terms finds commonality with, rather than subverts, the semantic ranges established by traditional glosses. The recovered texts have enhanced our understanding of these terms, in particular the concepts of heart-mind and emotion in early China. 相似文献
972.
Individuals engage in status self-enhancement when they form an overly positive perception of their status in a group. We argue that status self-enhancement incurs social costs and, therefore, most individuals perceive their status accurately. In contrast, theories of positive illusions suggest status self-enhancement is beneficial for the individual and that most individuals overestimate their status. We found supportive evidence for our hypotheses in a social relations analysis of laboratory groups, an experiment that manipulated status self-enhancement, and a study of real-world groups. Individuals who engaged in status self-enhancement were liked less by others and paid less for their work. Moreover, individuals tended to perceive their status highly accurately. Mediation analyses showed that status self-enhancers were socially punished because they were seen as disruptive to group processes. 相似文献
973.
Polk JD Spencer-Smith J DiBerardino L Ellis D Downen M Rosengren KS 《Infant behavior & development》2008,31(2):302-306
We describe new Fourier- and shape-based methods for quantifying variation in phase-portraits, and re-analyze previously-published ontogenetic and adult data [Clark, J. E., & Phillips, S. J. (1993). A longitudinal study of intralimb coordination in the first year of independent walking: A dynamical systems approach. Child Development, 64, 1143–1157]. Results show considerable variation between individuals and through development, but after 6 months of walking some gait patterns stabilize. 相似文献
974.
Mirman D Magnuson JS 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(1):65-79
The authors investigated semantic neighborhood density effects on visual word processing to examine the dynamics of activation and competition among semantic representations. Experiment 1 validated feature-based semantic representations as a basis for computing semantic neighborhood density and suggested that near and distant neighbors have opposite effects on word processing. Experiment 2 confirmed these results: Word processing was slower for dense near neighborhoods and faster for dense distant neighborhoods. Analysis of a computational model showed that attractor dynamics can produce this pattern of neighborhood effects. The authors argue for reconsideration of traditional models of neighborhood effects in terms of attractor dynamics, which allow both inhibitory and facilitative effects to emerge. 相似文献
975.
Couture M Lafond D Tremblay S 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(3):524-532
In a serial recall task, the Hebb repetition effect occurs when recall performance improves for a sequence repeated throughout the experimental session. This phenomenon has been replicated many times. Nevertheless, such cumulative learning seldom leads to perfect recall of the whole sequence, and errors persist. Here the authors report evidence that there is another side to the Hebb repetition effect that involves learning errors produced in a repeated sequence. A learning measure based on past recalls (correct or incorrect) shows that the probability of a given response increases with the number of prior occurrences of that response. The pattern of results reveals another manifestation of the Hebb repetition effect and speaks to the nature of implicit learning. 相似文献
976.
Daniel C. Russell 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2008,46(2):299-315
Virtue ethicists sometimes say that a right action is what a virtuous person would do, characteristically, in the circumstances. But some have objected recently that right action cannot be defined as what a virtuous person would do in the circumstances because there are circumstances in which a right action is possible but in which no virtuous person would be found. This objection moves from the premise that a given person ought to do an action that no virtuous person would do, to the conclusion that the action is a right action. I demon‐strate that virtue ethicists distinguish “ought” from “right” and reject the assumption that “ought” implies “right.” I then show how their rejection of that assumption blocks this “right but not virtuous” objection. I conclude by showing how the thesis that “ought” does not imply “right” can clarify a further dispute in virtue ethics regarding whether “ought” implies “can.” 相似文献
977.
Daniel J. Whiting 《Philosophia》2008,36(3):375-388
According to inferential role semantics (IRS), for any given expression to possess a particular meaning one must be disposed
to make or, alternatively, acknowledge as correct certain inferential transitions involving it. As Williamson points out,
pejoratives such as ‘Boche’ seem to provide a counter-example to IRS. Many speakers are neither disposed to use such expressions
nor consider it proper to do so. But it does not follow, as IRS appears to entail, that such speakers do not understand pejoratives
or that they lack meaning. In this paper, I examine recent responses to this problem by Boghossian and Brandom and argue that
their proposed construal of the kind of inferential rules governing a pejorative such as ‘Boche’ is to be ruled out on the
grounds that it is non-conservative. I defend the appeal to conservatism in this instance against criticism and, in doing
so, propose an alternative approach to pejoratives on behalf of IRS that resolves the problem Williamson poses.
相似文献
Daniel J. WhitingEmail: |
978.
During source remembering, selectively emphasizing one source in the retrieval query “Is this item from Source A?” can yield different accuracy than emphasizing the alternate source in “Is this item from Source B?” even if those are the only two possible origins. One account of this cue-framing effect holds that it reflects different active monitoring strategies encouraged by the two cue frames. An item memory misattribution (IMM) model instead assumes that this effect reflects the uncontrolled use of item recognition during confirmatory source judgments, and an IMM model simulation predicted a quantitative relationship between recognition levels and the cue-framing effect. Experiments 1 and 3 confirmed these predictions by using study repetitions to manipulate recognition levels, and Experiments 2 and 3 also demonstrated the effect with new source tasks not previously considered. The data suggest that, in addition to qualitative monitoring strategies, subjects also use the availability of item memory in a heuristic fashion during confirmatory source attributions. 相似文献
979.
Connell A Bullock BM Dishion TJ Shaw D Wilson M Gardner F 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1211-1225
This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in early emotional and behavioral problems in children
age 2 to 4 years resulting from participation in a family-centered intervention. A sample of 731 economically disadvantaged
families was recruited from among participants in a national food supplement and nutrition program. Families with toddlers
between age 2 and 3 were randomized either to the Family Check-Up (FCU) or to a nonintervention control group. The FCU’s linked
interventions were tailored to each family’s needs. Assessments occurred at age 2, 3, and 4. The FCU followed age 2 and age
3 assessments. Latent class analyses were conducted on mother reports of behavior and emotional problems from age 2 to 4 to
study transitions among the following four groups: (a) externalizing only, (b) internalizing only, (c) comorbid internalizing
and externalizing, and (d) normative. LTA results revealed that participation in the FCU increased the likelihood of transitioning
from either the comorbid or the internalizing class into the normative class by age 4. These results suggest family interventions
in early childhood can potentially disrupt the early emergence of both emotional and behavioral problems. 相似文献
980.
Shiels K Hawk LW Lysczek CL Tannock R Pelham WE Spencer SV Gangloff BP Waschbusch DA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(6):903-913
Working memory is one of several putative core neurocognitive processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The present work seeks to determine whether visual–spatial working memory is sensitive to motivational incentives, a laboratory
analogue of behavioral treatment. Participants were 21 children (ages 7–10) with a diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. Participants
completed a computerized spatial span task designed to assess storage of visual–spatial information (forward span) and manipulation
of the stored information (backward span). The spatial span task was completed twice on the same day, once with a performance-based
incentive (trial-wise feedback and points redeemable for prizes) and once without incentives. Participants performed significantly
better on the backward span when rewarded for correct responses, compared to the no incentive condition. However, incentives
had no effect on performance during the forward span. These findings may suggest the use of motivational incentives improved
manipulation, but not storage, of visual–spatial information among children with ADHD. Possible explanations for the differential
incentive effects are discussed, including the possibility that incentives prevented a vigilance decrement as task difficulty
and time on task increased. 相似文献