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951.
952.
Levy DA Rabinyan E Vakil E 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2008,61(11):1620-1628
Context effects on recognition memory provide an important indirect assay of associative learning and source memory. Neuropsychological studies have indicated that such context effects may obtain even if the contexts themselves are not remembered--for example, in individuals impaired on direct tests of memory for contextual information. In contrast, a recent study indicated that the effects of temporal context reinstatement on visual recognition obtain only when the contextual information itself was explicitly recollected. Here we report that the effects of reinstatement of spatial-simultaneous context on visual object recognition memory obtain irrespective of whether those context stimuli are explicitly recognized. We suggest that spatial-simultaneous context effects might be based on ensemble unitization of target and context stimuli at encoding, whereas temporal context effects may require recollective processes. 相似文献
953.
Masson ME Bub DN Newton-Taylor M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2008,61(6):869-882
We report two experiments in which production of articulated hand gestures was used to reveal the nature of gestural knowledge evoked by sentences referring to manipulable objects. Two gesture types were examined: functional gestures (executed when using an object for its intended purpose) and volumetric gestures (used when picking up an object simply to move it). Participants read aloud a sentence that referred to an object but did not mention any form of manual interaction (e.g., Jane forgot the calculator) and were cued after a delay of 300 or 750 ms to produce the functional or volumetric gesture associated with the object, or a gesture that was unrelated to the object. At both cue delays, functional gestures were primed relative to unrelated gestures, but no significant priming was found for volumetric gestures. Our findings elucidate the types of motor representations that are directly linked to the meaning of words referring to manipulable objects in sentences. 相似文献
954.
Shanahan D 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(1):6-19
Linguistic theory since the Cognitive Revolution has followed one of the premises of that revolution by largely sidelining
the issue of emotions and concentrating on those aspects of language that are more strictly cognitive. However, during the
last two decades research in cognitive science, especially in neuropsychology, has begun to fill in the gaps left by the exclusion
of emotions from cognitive research. This article proposes a model for applying the fruits of this new research in emotion
to our understanding of language itself. Building on Karl Pribram`s integrated model of emotions and motivations, the presentation
it offers a propositional explanation for how the emotions may have contributed to the emergence of symbolic formation and,
ultimately, to every aspect of language from lexis to literature.
Daniel Shanahan is Professor of Communication at the Humanities Faculty of Charles University in Prague. He previously served on the faculties of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales in Paris and the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California. His Language, Feeling and the Brain: The Evocative Vector has just been published by Transaction Publishers. He is on the Editorial Board of Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Sciences. 相似文献
Daniel ShanahanEmail: |
Daniel Shanahan is Professor of Communication at the Humanities Faculty of Charles University in Prague. He previously served on the faculties of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales in Paris and the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California. His Language, Feeling and the Brain: The Evocative Vector has just been published by Transaction Publishers. He is on the Editorial Board of Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Sciences. 相似文献
955.
In this brief response to commentaries by Ariely (2008) and Chong, Joo, Emmanouil, and Treisman (2008) on our earlier article, we highlight the two key assumptions underlying earlier claims about statistical summary representations of object size and argue that existing studies have not met either of them. We note why statistical summary representations of size are different from such representations of motion or orientation, and we emphasize the need for simulations of performance to exclude focused attention explanations for judgments of average size. 相似文献
956.
Similarity is central in human cognition, playing a role in a wide range of cognitive processes. In three studies, we demonstrate that subjective similarity may change as a function of temporal distance, with some events seeming more similar when considered in the near future, while others increase in similarity as temporal distance increases. Given the ubiquity of inter-temporal thought, and the fundamental role of similarity, these results have important implications for cognition in general. 相似文献
957.
Many studies have shown that listeners can segment words from running speech based on conditional probabilities of syllable transitions, suggesting that this statistical learning could be a foundational component of language learning. However, few studies have shown a direct link between statistical segmentation and word learning. We examined this possible link in adults by following a statistical segmentation exposure phase with an artificial lexicon learning phase. Participants were able to learn all novel object-label pairings, but pairings were learned faster when labels contained high probability (word-like) or non-occurring syllable transitions from the statistical segmentation phase than when they contained low probability (boundary-straddling) syllable transitions. This suggests that, for adults, labels inconsistent with expectations based on statistical learning are harder to learn than consistent or neutral labels. In contrast, a previous study found that infants learn consistent labels, but not inconsistent or neutral labels. 相似文献
958.
The present study addresses the issue of age differences in 5 personality domains across the life span in a cross-sectional study. In contrast to most previous studies, the present study follows a methodologically more rigorous approach to warrant that age-related differences in personality structure and mean level can be meaningfully compared. It uses data on 50 items of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) available from a study in a large and representative Dutch sample (N = 2,494; age range: 16 to 91 years) conducted in 1996 for the purpose of establishing norms for the FFPI. After having established strict measurement invariance, tests were made for factor covariances to be equal across age groups, revealing structural continuity of personality. Additionally, factor variances were shown to be equal across age groups. A number of age differences in the mean level of the five personality domains emerged. Specifically, older adults were, on average, more agreeable and, especially, more conscientious than middle-aged and younger adults. Findings from our study suggest that both continuity and change may mark personality over the course of life. 相似文献
959.
Razia Azen Daniel A. Sass 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2008,61(1):163-178
The performance of the asymptotic method for comparing the squared multiple correlations of non‐nested models was investigated. Specifically, the increase in a given regression model's R2 when one predictor is added was compared to the increase in the same model's R2 when another predictor is added. This comparison can be used to determine predictor importance and is the basis for procedures such as Dominance Analysis. Results indicate that the asymptotic procedure provides the expected coverage rates for sample sizes of 200 or more, but in many cases much higher sample sizes are required to achieve adequate power. Guidelines and computations are provided for the determination of adequate sample sizes for hypothesis testing. 相似文献
960.