条件性味觉厌恶分化后臂旁核c-fos表达的变

以口内注入糖精或蔗糖溶液为条件刺激,腹腔内注射LiCl为非条件刺激,在大鼠形成条件性味觉厌恶后进行分化训练,观察味质和嗜好性对臂旁核各亚核c-fos表达的影响及其交互作用。结果表明：味质和嗜好性对背侧外侧亚核(dls)和腹侧外侧亚核(vls)的c-fos表达无影响;在内侧外侧亚核(ils)和外部内侧亚核(ems),蔗糖诱导的c-fos表达高于糖精,但在外部外侧亚核(els),糖精诱导的表达高于蔗糖;嗜好性刺激引起ils、中央外侧亚核(cls)和cms内c-fos高表达,厌恶性刺激引起ems和els内的高表达。在ils和cms嗜好性与味质的影响各自独立,在els和ems内嗜好性与味质的影响存在交互作用。提示PBN内存在味质辨别和报酬评价的代表区,两种代表区有交迭,ems和els对味质信息和报酬信息的整合有重要作用     

Predicting risk decisions in a modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Conventional and single-trial ERP analyses

Event-related potential (ERP) has the potential to reveal the temporal neurophysiological dynamics of risk decision-making, but this potential has not been fully explored in previous studies. When predicting risk decision with ERPs, most studies focus on between-trial analysis that reflects feedback learning, while within-trial analysis that could directly link option assessment with behavioral output has been largely ignored. Suitable task design is crucial for applying within-trial prediction. In this study, we used a modified version of the classic Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). In each trial of the task, participants made multiple rounds of decisions between a risky option (pump up the balloon) and a safe option (cash out). Behavioral results show that as the level of economic risk increased, participants were less willing to make a risky decision and also needed a longer response time to do so. In general, the ERP results showed distinct characteristics compared with previous findings based on between-trial prediction, particularly about the role of the P1 component. Specifically, both the P1 (amplitude and latency) and P3 (amplitude) components evoked by current outcomes predicted subsequent decisions. We suggest that these findings indicate the importance of selective attention (indexed by the P1) and motivational functions (indexed by the P3), which may help clarify the cognitive mechanism of risk decision-making. The theoretical significance of these findings is discussed.     

幼儿合作认知发展特点的研究

采用访谈法对136名中、大班幼儿合作认知的发展特点进行了研究。结果表明：儿童的合作认知主要分为五级水平。在幼儿阶段,儿童主要以客观条件性认知和结果性认知为主．其中客观条件性认知比例最高,共同利益性和价值现性认知逐渐发展,规则权威性认知仍有一定存在;从中班到大班,幼儿客观条件性认知比例逐渐减少,结果性、共同利益性和价值现性认知逐渐增多;幼儿合作认知发展不存在显著的性别差异;在不同情境下,幼儿合作认知的发展水平不同。     

抑郁倾向对合作的影响：双人同步近红外脑成像研究

抑郁人群不但表现出注意、记忆等个体认知层面的负性偏向,还伴随有明显的社会认知障碍。已有研究在抑郁对社会认知的影响方面还考察得不多。本研究采用囚徒困境范式考察抑郁倾向对社会合作的影响。结果显示,高抑郁倾向组比低抑郁倾向组的合作率更低,双侧背外侧前额叶的激活更弱,抑郁对右侧背外侧前额叶及眶额叶的脑间同步性有调节作用;低抑郁被试与低抑郁被试配对时右侧颞顶联合区脑间同步性强于高抑郁被试与高抑郁被试配对,或者高抑郁被试与低抑郁被试配对时的右侧颞顶联合区脑间同步性,该效应当且仅当双方的选择相同时显著。结果表明,抑郁群体在社会奖赏加工、冲突控制及心理理论脑区均存在功能性缺陷,这些结果为理解抑郁人群合作意愿下降提供了脑成像证据。     

厌恶情绪加工特点的事件相关电位研究

厌恶作为一种威胁相关情绪有着帮助人们躲避有害刺激的进化意义。近年来的研究表明, 厌恶加工能拥有独特的神经机制, 主要表现为在感觉刺激输入早期起抑制作用。本研究使用高时间分辨率的事件相关电位技术(event-related potential, ERP)作为研究手段, 探究正常被试观看厌恶图片时脑电活动变化。采用视觉搜索范式作为实验任务, 考察不同加工阶段注意资源消耗特点。脑电结果表明, 厌恶加工确实存在独特的加工机制, 表现为皮层活动先抑制后增强。行为结果呈显著交互作用：情绪图呈现时间较短时(0/300 ms), 被试任务表现受负性情绪加工干扰; 情绪图呈现时间较长时(600/900 ms), 被试任务表现不受负性情绪干扰。研究结果支持负性情绪两阶段加工模型, 即厌恶加工也存在先自动化后控制化的两个阶段, 并且在自动化加工完全消失之前存在两种加工进程并存的过度阶段。     

Perceived facial expressions of emotion as motivational incentives: evidence from a differential implicit learning paradigm

Participants (N = 216) were administered a differential implicit learning task during which they were trained and tested on 3 maximally distinct 2nd-order visuomotor sequences, with sequence color serving as discriminative stimulus. During training, 1 sequence each was followed by an emotional face, a neutral face, and no face, using backward masking. Emotion (joy, surprise, anger), face gender, and exposure duration (12 ms, 209 ms) were varied between participants; implicit motives were assessed with a picture-story exercise. For power-motivated individuals, low-dominance facial expressions enhanced and high-dominance expressions impaired learning. For affiliation-motivated individuals, learning was impaired in the context of hostile faces. These findings did not depend on explicit learning of fixed sequences or on awareness of sequence-face contingencies.     

Beyond politics: authoritarianism and the pursuit of leisure

Psychologists know a lot about the political and ideological correlates of people scoring high on authoritarianism. However, psychologists have less knowledge about such people's everyday pursuits. In the present study, the authors examined authoritarian interest in film, live events, music, and reading. A predictable pattern of correlates emerged. For example, authoritarians enjoyed activities in which physical conflict was prominent, whereas authoritarians tended not to like entertainment that offered introspection. In general, the present results were consistent across 2 samples (N = 120, N = 90). Although men and women had significantly different preferences on over 0.5 of the leisure pursuits (e.g., men enjoyed action films more than did women), there were no significant gender differences in the magnitudes of correlates with authoritarianism. In general, leisure interests appeared to be partly manifestations or expressions of authoritarian tendencies.     

小学儿童记忆中组织策略发展的实验研究

本研究探讨了小学儿童组织策略的发展,结果表明:1.小学儿童组织策略的发展可分为产生性缺损和成熟运用组织策略两个主要阶段。第一个阶段根据是否伴随中介性缺损又可分为两个亚阶段。2.导致产生性缺损的原因有:(1)缺乏对记忆手段和记忆目标之间的功能关系的清晰认识;(2)不能清楚地认识策略的有效性,以及常运用自己熟悉的、简单的、但也相对无效的策略;(3)较差的有关记忆材料的知识基础以及较低的认识发展水平。     

Never look down power: The relationship between looking directions and hierarchical sense

Current Psychology - Height-power relationship has been commonly found in architecture and interior designs. The earliest experience of the positive relationship between height and power may be...