“It’s Not Like Judgment Day”: Public Understanding of and Reactions to Personalized Genomic Risk Information

The value of genomic risk assessment depends upon patients making appropriate behavioral changes in response to increased risk leading to disease prevention and early detection. To date, few studies have investigated consumers’ response to personalized genomic disease risk information. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 adults participating in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative. The interviews took place after receiving results providing genomic and other risk information for up to eight common complex diseases. We found that participants were most likely to recall results which conferred an increased risk or those of particular personal interest. Participants understood the multi-factorial nature of common complex disease, and generally did not have negative emotional responses or overly deterministic perceptions of their results. Although most participants expressed a desire to use results to improve their health, a minority had actually taken action (behavior change or shared results with their doctor) at the time of the interview. These results suggest that participants have a reasonable understanding of genomic risk information and that provision of genomic risk information may motivate behavior change in some individuals; however additional work is needed to better understand the lack of change seen in the majority of participants.     

Differential effects of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone on delay eyeblink conditioning in ovariectomized rats

Ovarian hormones modulate acquisition processes involved in classical conditioning. Although progesterone has been indirectly implicated, its role in classical conditioning of the eyeblink response has not been directly investigated. We assessed the effects of daily dosing of progesterone or medroxyprogesterone (MPA), a non-metabolized synthetic progestin, upon the acquisition of a classically conditioned eyeblink response in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Rats were dosed 4h prior to each training session with 0.1 or 1.5 mg/kg of either of these hormones or sesame oil. A delay conditioning paradigm was employed using a 500 ms conditioned stimulus coterminating with a 10 ms 10 V unconditioned stimulus. At the low dose, progesterone and MPA rats did differ from each other, with MPA-treated rats learning slower, but neither group differed from OVX-oil or Sham-oil controls. No group differences in acquisition were observed at the higher dose. During extinction trials, high-dose MPA-treatment and OVX-oil groups extinguished quicker than the high-dose progesterone-treated group. In addition, unconditional response (UR) amplitudes were lower in all OVX groups, regardless of hormone or oil treatment, compared to the sham-oil group. Since MPA did not affect extinction, it is likely the slower extinction in the progesterone-treated rats is due to a metabolite of progesterone. Corticosterone is discussed as a likely candidate for such a role. In addition, we found chronic absence of ovarian hormones decreased UR amplitudes, although differences in UR amplitudes were not associated with changes in the acquisition process. These results are discussed with respect to differences in the hormonal effects upon acquisition versus extinction processes and how these data may explain reports of learning differences in women based on oral contraceptive usage.     

不同联想等级语词的启动效应及其发展研究

以汉字常用词为材料,使用经过大量统计工作建立的语词联想等级量表,来探讨语词的联想等级、学习时的加工水平、以及年龄变量对语词记忆启动效应的影响。结果发现：ａ、不同联想等级间语词启动效应有显著差异,ｂ、加工水平对启动效应的影响只在大学年龄被试中才显示出来,ｃ、年龄对启动效应的影响,主要是通过其与语词联想等级相互作用产生的。     

幼儿与成人依恋关系的特质和同伴交往能力的联系

参加研究的被试是来自北京某公立幼儿园的７８名幼儿和他们的母亲（７８位）以及幼儿园老师（１２位）。幼儿平均年龄为四岁十个月。用来测量亲子和师生依恋关系的工具是中文版的沃特斯－迪因儿童依恋行为分类卡片。儿童同伴交往能力用同伴间社会交往测量和教师的评分来评定。研究结果表明,亲子依恋和师生依恋关系的安全性与学前儿童的同伴交往能力有显著相关,依恋安全性得分高的幼儿具有较低的攻击性、乐于帮助别人、在群体中更受同伴喜爱。     

Expectancy and stimulus frequency: A comparative analysis in rats and humans

We examined whether expectancy, one of several factors influencing attention, is similarly affected in rats and humans by manipulation of relative stimulus frequency, A two-choice reaction time (RT) task was developed for rats, and an analogous task was used for humans. Errors, RTs, discriminability, and response bias were measured. Both rats and humans shifted their response bias to the more frequent stimulus, with no change in overall discriminability. As stimulus probability or stimulus repetition increased, RTs and errors decreased. These results illustrate the similarity of expectancy in rats and humans. This two-choice RT task for rats can be used in future studies to examine the neuronal mechanisms of expectancy and attention.     

幼儿不同交往类型的心理特征的比较研究

本研究综合运用社会测量法、访谈法和问卷评价法,探讨、比较了受欢迎型、被拒绝型、被忽视型和一般型四种基本同伴交往类型幼儿在心理特征上的异同。结果发现,各类型幼儿在行为、性格、情绪情感、交往积极主动性和交往技能、策略等特征上均存在非常显著的差异,各类型幼儿上述诸方面的表现均不相同。     

中学班级环境与学生学业成绩的关系

本文以<我的班级>为测量工具,对珠三角地区某三个初级中学365名学生为被试,探讨初中班级环境的特点及其与学生学业成绩的关系.结果表明:师生关系与语文、数学、英浯这三科的成绩呈显著的正相关;师生关系、同学关系对学生学业成绩有显著的正向预测作用;学习负担与学生学习成绩呈显著的负相关.     

社会公理研究现状与展望

社会公理是人们对世界是如何运作的总体感知,它对人们的日常行为起着重要的指导作用.文章首先介绍了社会公理概念的发展,回顾总结了社会公理对行为的预测及其和文化相关的研究,并对未来的研究方向提出了建议与展望.     

中国市民社会研究的伦理反思

跳出传统思维的"国家-市民社会"二分的社会理论研究路径,走向"家庭-市民社会-国家"三分的伦理研究思维模式是我们基于历史与逻辑、当下与未来的可能选择.     

抑郁症人群的心境一致性认知偏向

心境一致性认知偏向指的是抑郁病人的认知加工偏向负性情绪效价, 简称认知偏向。大量行为学、电生理学以及脑成像学的研究显示该认知偏向主要包括知觉偏向、注意偏向、记忆偏向以及解释偏向。该认知偏向以加工偏向负性、积极偏向缺失以及认知控制受损为特点, 且是杏仁核等边缘系统对负性信息过度激活、纹状体对正性信息激活不足以及额区激活模式异常三个相应脑机制协同作用的产物。目前此领域存在各认知偏向之间联系不清楚、认知偏向和抑郁症的因果关系难以确定以及各研究结果不一致等有待回答的问题, 这些重要问题值得引起该领域未来研究者的注意。