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91.
The Tower of London (TOL) task has been widely used in both clinical and research realms. In the current study, 104 healthy participants attempted all possible moderate- to high-difficulty TOL problems in order to determine: (1) optimal measures of problem solving performance, (2) problem characteristics, other than the minimum moves necessary to solve the problem, that determine participants’ difficulty in solving problems successfully, quickly, and efficiently, and (3) effects of increased task experience on which problem characteristics determine problem difficulty. A factor analysis of six performance measures found that, regardless of task experience, problem difficulty could be captured well either by a single factor corresponding to general quality of solution or possibly by three subordinate factors corresponding to solution efficiency, solution speed, and initial planning speed. Regression analyses predicting these performance factors revealed that in addition to a problem’s minimum moves three problem parameters were critical in determining the problem difficulty: goal position hierarchy, start position hierarchy, and number of solution paths available. The relative contributions of each of the characteristics strongly depended on which performance factor defined performance. We conclude that TOL problem performance is multifaceted, and that classifying problem difficulty using only the minimum moves necessary to solve the problem is inadequate. 相似文献
92.
Dana Anaby Tal Jarus Catherine L. Backman Bruno D. Zumbo 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(2):81-104
One of the key factors for promoting well-being lies in balancing one’s daily life occupations and the nature of these occupations.
Occupation refers to a group of everyday life goal-directed activities which may be associated to any life domain, not necessarily
work, such as leisure, education, or self-care. Yet it is not clear what constitutes occupational imbalance, and its association
to other factors has not been examined systematically. This study proposed and tested a theoretical model for specifying the
structural relationships between occupational imbalance, occupational characteristics, personality and well-being. 288 working
adults completed the following questionnaires: Inter-goal Relations Questionnaire (occupational imbalance), Personal Projects
Analysis (occupational characteristics), the Big Five Inventory (personality traits) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale
(well-being). Twenty-five models were tested using structural equation modeling. All the models fit the data well. Occupational
characteristics, with the exception of stress, served as significant mediators between personality and well-being, yet occupational
imbalance did not play a significant role across all models. Our findings provide substantial support for the importance of
occupation to well-being, however occupational imbalance is still an elusive concept that requires further investigation theoretically
and empirically. 相似文献
93.
Dana M. Rhule-Louie Sarah Bowen John S. Baer Peggy L. Peterson 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(3):306-319
This study examines how substance use is associated with the health and safety of homeless youth using cross-sectional, self-report
data from 285 homeless adolescents. Path models were used to examine concurrent relationships between youth’s substance use
and multiple aspects of their health and safety, including measures of psychological distress, housing risk and instability,
and medical problems. Substance use was examined with both global (i.e., a composite of days of use across various drugs and
alcohol) and specific (i.e., rates of use of specific drugs, injection drug use) measures. After controlling for demographic
and historical variables, number of days of use was significantly related to psychological distress, whereas injection drug
use was significantly related to housing risk. Examination of specific drugs revealed relationships between psychological
distress and the use of alcohol, cocaine, and amphetamines, and a specific relationship between housing risk and the use of
heroin. None of the measures of substance use was significantly related to youth’s medical problems. Implications for interventions
with homeless adolescents are discussed. 相似文献
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96.
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a significant clinical problem for more than 10 million adults diagnosed with cancer each year worldwide. No "gold standard" treatment presently exists for CRF. To provide a guide for future research to improve the treatment of CRF, the authors conducted the most comprehensive combined systematic and meta-analytic review of the literature to date on non-pharmacological (psychosocial and exercise) interventions to ameliorate CRF and associated symptoms (vigor/vitality) in adults with cancer, based on 119 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCT studies. Meta-analyses conducted on 57 RCTs indicated that exercise and psychological interventions provided reductions in CRF, with no significant differences between these 2 major types of interventions considered as a whole. Specifically, multimodal exercise and walking programs, restorative approaches, supportive-expressive, and cognitive-behavioral psychosocial interventions show promising potential for ameliorating CRF. The results also suggest that vigor and vitality are distinct phenomena from CRF with regard to responsiveness to intervention. With improved methodological approaches, further research in this area may soon provide clinicians with effective strategies for reducing CRF and enhancing the lives of millions of cancer patients and survivors. 相似文献
97.
In an effort to further delineate the reported relations between socioeconomic status (SES) and stress reactivity in children, associations between three domains of perinatal risk: socio-demographic, obstetrical complications, and maternal psychological factors during the perinatal period, and cortisol and behavioral reactivity were examined in 100 healthy African American neonates whose families resided in low-income environments. Behavioral and cortisol response to a heel stick and the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) was measured within the first 2 days of life. Significant associations were found between socio-demographic risk, obstetrical complications, and maternal psychological factors and neonatal behavior and cortisol in the context of the NBAS; few significant associations were found in the context of the heel stick. Greater magnitude of perinatal risk was associated with both higher and lower than average neonatal stress reactivity. The results provide preliminary data on the types of perinatal experiences that may have significant effects on stress reactivity in humans, especially in the context of families living in poverty. Application of these data to the hypothesis that prenatal stress results in programming of the fetal/neonatal stress response system is discussed. 相似文献
98.
In a parity-judgment task smaller numbers are responded to faster with the left-hand key and vice versa for larger numbers (SNARC effect; Dehaene et al., in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 371-396, 1993). We used the psychological refractory period paradigm involving a parity-judgment task and tone-discrimination task to address the question at which stage this effect arises. When the parity-judgment task is performed second, then we found equal SNARC effects for the short and the long SOA. According to the central bottleneck model, this indicates that the effect arises during the response-selection or execution stage. In Experiment 2 the parity-judgment task was performed first. The pattern of results indicates that the SNARC effect originates during the perceptual encoding or response-selection. Together, our results suggest that the SNARC effect originates while the response is selected. 相似文献
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100.
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of cumulative risk exposure in concert with maternal responsiveness on physiological indicators of chronic stress in children and youth. Middle-school children exposed to greater accumulated psychosocial (e.g., family turmoil, poverty) and physical (e.g., crowding, substandard housing) risk factors manifested higher levels of allostatic load, a physiological marker of cumulative wear and tear on the body caused by the mobilization of multiple, physiological response systems. This effect was longitudinal, residualizing allostatic load 3-4 years earlier when the youth were in elementary school. This effect, however, occurred only among adolescents with mothers low in responsiveness. Cumulative risk was also associated with dynamic cardiovascular processes in response to an acute stressor (mental arithmetic). Higher risk was associated with muted reactivity and slower, less efficient recovery in blood pressure. These dynamic cardiovascular effects occurred irrespective of maternal responsiveness. 相似文献