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471.
Paul B. Jcobsen Dana H. Bovbjerg Marc D. Schwartz Michael A. Andrykowski Ann D. Futterman Teresa Gilewski Larry Norton William H. Redd 《Behaviour research and therapy》1993,31(8):739-748
Patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy for cancer have been found to develop aversions to normal dietary items consumed in close temporal relation to treatment administrations. These aversions are presumed to develop via conditioning processes as demonstrated in experimental studies of food aversion learning. The present study used a prospective, longitudinal design to evaluate the possible role of conditioning in the formation of aversions to normal dietary items in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Patients were monitored for the development of aversions to foods and beverages consumed in the 24 hr periods before and after each of eight consecutive chemotherapy infusions beginning with the initial infusion. Data on the prevalence, course, and prediction of aversions to normal dietary items are reported. These results pointed to similarities and differences between aversions formed to normal dietary items during chemotherapy treatment and aversions formed to taste stimuli during experimental conditioning studies. In addition to their theoretical significance, results also suggest possible strategies for preventing the clinical problem of aversions to normal dietary items in chemotherapy patients. 相似文献
472.
473.
In an attempt to regulate disappointments people may sometimes change their perceptions of the events leading to an undesirable outcome so that in retrospect this outcome seems almost inevitable. This retroactive pessimism effect was demonstrated in three studies. In the first, sports fans rated the likelihood of success for their team and its opponent before and after an important soccer match. Evidence for significant pre‐ and post‐game probability shifts was found for the fans of the defeated team but not for the supporters of the winning opponent. In the second and the third experiments participants responded to a scenario depicting a loss of stipend that was either large or small in value. Participants were expected to show more evidence of retroactive pessimism with greater disappointment. Indeed, estimates of the probability of a more favorable counterfactual outcome were sensitive to the magnitude of the loss with lower estimates of the probability that things could have turned out better in the large stipend condition. The effect was attenuated, however, when the loss was not personal but rather that of a friend (Experiment 2), or when the disappointment was mitigated (Experiment 3). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
474.
The current study examined the interactive effects of an environment high in political decision making and political skill on job satisfaction. We predicted that as perceptions of political decision making increase, the satisfaction of individuals low in political skill would decrease. Conversely, the negative effects of political decision making on job satisfaction would be minimized among individuals high in political skill. Data were gathered from 105 managerial employees of a financial‐services organization. Results provided strong support for the hypothesized political decision‐making/political‐skill relationship. Implications, strengths and limitations, and avenues for future research are discussed. 相似文献
475.
Four experiments were conducted to determine whether semantic feedback spreads to orthographic and/or phonological representations
during visual word recognition and whether such feedback occurs automatically. Three types of prime-target word pairs were
used within the mediated-priming paradigm: (1) homophonically mediated (e.g., frog-[toad]-towed), (2) orthographically mediated (e.g., frog-[toad]-told), and (3) associatively related (e.g., frog-toad). Using both brief (53 msec; Experiment 1) and long (413 msec; Experiment 3) prime exposure durations, significant facilitatory-priming
effects were found in the response time data with orthographically, but not homophonically, mediated prime-target word pairs.
When the prime exposure duration was shortened to 33 msec in Experiment 4, however, facilitatory priming was absent with both
orthographically and homophonically mediated word pairs. In addition, with a brief (53-msec) prime exposure duration, direct-priming
effects were found with associatively (e.g., frog-toad), orthographically (e.g., toad-told), and homophonically (e.g., toad-towed) related word pairs in Experiment 2. Taken together, these results indicate that following the initial activation of semantic
representations, activation automatically feeds back to orthographic, but not phonological, representations during the early
stages of word processing. These findings were discussed in the context of current accounts of visual word recognition. 相似文献
476.
Ganor-Stern D Tzelgov J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(2):430-437
In this article, the authors explored the existence of across-notation automatic numerical processing using size comparison and same-different paradigms. Participants were Arabic speakers, who used 2 sets of numerical symbols -- Arabic and Indian. They were presented with number pairs in the same notation (Arabic or Indian) or in different ones (Arabic and Indian). In the size comparison paradigm, 2 digits differing both numerically and physically were compared on the physical dimension. Nevertheless, there was evidence that participants automatically processed the irrelevant numerical dimension in different notation pairs. In the same-different paradigm, 2 digits were presented either in the same or in different notations. Participants had to indicate whether the 2 digits were physically the same. The results again showed evidence for the automatic processing of numerical magnitude for pairs in different notations. Findings of both experiments suggest that numbers in different notations are automatically translated into a common representation of magnitude, in line with M. McCloskey's (1992) abstract representation model. 相似文献
477.
Dana L. Comstock Tonya R. Hammer Julie Strentzsch Kristi Cannon Jacqueline Parsons Gustavo Salazar II 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(3):279-287
Relational‐cultural theory (RCT) theorists advocate expanding the multicultural/social justice counseling competencies beyond the domains of self‐awareness, cultural knowledge, and culturally responsive helping skills. This article provides an overview of RCT and discusses how creating and participating in growth‐fostering relationships are essential dimensions of human development and psychological well‐being. Implications of this theoretical model for counseling practice are also addressed. 相似文献
478.
Jessica Vando Dana M. Rhule-Louie Robert J. McMahon Susan J. Spieker 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(5):615-628
Abtract We examined the extent to which infant attachment status is directly related to child conduct problems 6 years later, and
assessed the potential mediating roles of hostile parenting and maternal depression. The sample included 84 adolescent mothers
and their children (45 girls, 39 boys). Infant attachment status was assessed using the Strange Situation when the study children
were 1-year-old. Hostile parenting was coded during a parent–child interaction task when the study children were 4.5-years-old.
Maternal depression was self-rated, also when the study children were 4.5-years-old, using the Beck Depression Inventory.
Mothers reported child conduct problems at Grade 1 on the Child Behavior Checklist. Infant attachment status at 1 year of
age was directly related to child conduct problems but not to hostile parenting or maternal depression. Neither hostile parenting
nor maternal depression mediated the relationship between infant attachment status and child conduct problems. However, the
pattern of relations differed by attachment security. For securely attached children, maternal depression, but not hostile
parenting, was directly related to conduct problems. For insecurely attached children, hostile parenting, but not maternal
depression, was directly related to child conduct problems. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed. 相似文献
479.
Speech priming tasks are frequently used to delineate stages in the speech process such as lexical retrieval and motor programming.
These tasks, often measured in reaction time (RT), require fast and accurate responses, reflecting maximized participant performance,
to result in robust priming effects. Encouraging speed and accuracy in responding can take many forms, including verbal instructions
and feedback, and often involves visually displayed RT feedback. However, it is uncertain how manipulation of the schedule
of this RT feedback influences speech RT speed and, ultimately, the priming effect. This experiment examined the effect of
visually presented RT feedback schedules on priming patterns in 20 older healthy adults. Results suggested that feedback schedule
manipulation had a differential effect on reaction time, depending on the interstimulus interval between the prime and the
target, but no effect on response priming patterns. 相似文献
480.
Tzelgov J Ganor-Stern D Maymon-Schreiber K 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(3):605-624
The representation of negative numbers was explored during intentional processing (i.e., when participants performed a numerical comparison task) and during automatic processing (i.e., when participants performed a physical comparison task). Performance in both cases suggested that negative numbers were not represented as a whole but rather their polarity and numerical magnitudes were represented separately. To explore whether this was due to the fact that polarity and magnitude are marked by two spatially separated symbols, participants were trained to mark polarity by colour. In this case there was still evidence for a separate representation of polarity and magnitude. However, when a different set of stimuli was used to refer to positive and negative numbers, and polarity was not marked separately, participants were able to represent polarity and magnitude together when numerical processing was performed intentionally but not when it was conducted automatically. These results suggest that notation is only partly responsible for the components representation of negative numbers and that the concept of negative numbers can be grasped only through that of positive numbers. 相似文献