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221.
The authors proposed and tested a model of fable comprehension and appreciation. They proposed that fables are metaphoric in that they teach moral lessons about human activity, and that apprehension of the moral derives from a belief in a just world. In Study 1, children from kindergarten to 8th grade and college students received Aesop fables, reversed-outcome Aesop fables, and fable-like stories. As predicted, kindergartners and some 1st graders did not demonstrate a belief in a just world and did not differentiate between normal and reversed-outcome Aesop fables. Quality of morals provided by older participants was superior to that of younger participants. In Study 2, the quality of fable moral was found to be significantly correlated with quality of proverb and metaphor interpretation. Also, memory for goal or intention story elements was found to be related to quality of moral produced. Directions for future research are identified. 相似文献
222.
Jack W. Finney Dana E. Putnam Christopher M. Boyd 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1998,31(3):485-488
Behavioral scientists who study socially important but difficult-to-measure behaviors often rely on self-reports. We evaluated the influence of three experimenter demands—demand for adherence, demand for accurate reports, and demand for accurate reports combined with a prompted recall strategy—on the accuracy of self-reports of adherence to a week-long prescribed regimen of twice-daily telephone calls. Self-reports of adherence were significantly more accurate in the accuracy demand/prompted recall group (p < .05). The analogue study should be replicated with other regimens and populations to determine the most effective strategies for enhancing the accuracy of self-reports. 相似文献
223.
In an experiment designed to elicit restrictive relatives clauses, 28 children ranging in age from 2:2 to 3:10 provided a corpus of communicatively appropriate relative clauses. In evaluating this corpus, we found that most children produced mostly adult relative clauses most of the time. Detailed study of these utterances uncovered a few error patterns, which we analyzed in light of several considerations (e.g., the overall frequency of an error type, its distribution across children and items, its relation to the construction under study, and the similarity of the error to what children do elsewhere). Only one error pattern, namely some children's production of inappropriate relative pronouns, is argued to reflect a systematic feature of language development. We conclude that children's ability to represent the syntactic structure of the embedded clause is on target very early. 相似文献
224.
A long theoretical tradition has linked guilt with internalizing disorders. We find no evidence, however, that a greater personality
proclivity for guilt is related to depression or eating disturbances as reported by 85 female undergraduates. Females also
described guilt-producing incidents involving school versus eating and exercise. We examined reactions to the events including
guilt feelings and perceived effectiveness in alleviating these feelings, intropunitive responses, action tendencies, and
rationalizations. Both depression and eating disturbances were unrelated to guilt feelings over school, but were related to
guilt feelings over eating and exercise. Ineffective alleviation of guilt feelings in both domains was correlated with depression
and greater eating disturbances. Women who reacted to guilt-producing events with fewer intropunitive responses such as rumination
and self-hatred, and by confiding in others, distancing, and rationalizing their actions through justifications and excuses
were less likely to have eating disturbances. 相似文献
225.
In this article, we examine the interpretations by social psychologists of Asch's widely cited study of independence and conformity. Though it has become known as the ‘Asch Conformity Study’, Asch equally, if not more, intended and interpreted it as demonstrating the powers of independence. The evidence for this analysis consists of 99 accounts in social psychology textbooks published between 1953, following the appearance of his study, and 1984. We asked whether these accounts were accurate, or whether, as we suspected, they minimized the role of independence and exaggerated that of conformity. We found that authors have often distorted Asch's findings, and that this trend has increased substantially with time: they have increasingly accentuated the role of conformity and underestimated that of independence. We suggest several reasons for this distortion. For one, there has been insufficient care in reading the findings and drawing conclusions. Second, authors have generally limited themselves to reports of quantitative results. Although these were strong and beyond question, authors have usually neglected the intimately connected qualitative findings, which would have discouraged the misinterpretations. Third, the study of Asch was an integral part of his perspective on social psychology, which authors again ignored, thus encouraging a limited and out-of-context view of his study. We conclude with a thematic presentation of Asch's general theoretical framework, showing how it bears on independence and conformity. 相似文献
226.
O. U. Vortac Mark B. Edwards Dana K. Fuller Carol A. Manning 《Applied cognitive psychology》1993,7(7):631-651
Several investigators have expressed concern that the imminent automation of air traffic control may have negative consequences on cognitive functioning, and ultimately on performance. We investigated these possibilities empirically by comparing normal, conventional air traffic control with an experimental condition designed to resemble an extreme version of automation. Overall, measures of performance were comparable between conditions. Most of the cognitive measures (attentional demands, visual search, recall of flights, recall of flight data) were not impaired by the automation analogue. Instead, two prospective measures (prospective memory, planning) showed improved performance. The prospective memory advantage is particularly surprising given that the automation-analogue group was unable to manipulate external memory aids. Possible reasons for the prospective memory advantage include a reduced workload, which allows the controller to get the necessary information in other ways, and a change in the nature of the task resulting from the “automation” of the strip management module. 相似文献
227.
D Birksted-Breen 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2012,93(4):819-835
In this article the author argues that in order to be psychoanalysis, the 'here and now' technical approach needs to be firmly grounded theoretically and technically in a practice that includes the notion of reverie or its equivalent. The author has argued previously that the analyst's theory is the essential 'third' of the two-person analytic situation. She now suggests that it is specifically the theories of temporality and the attitude of 'evenly suspended attention' or its more contemporary development, 'reverie', that are the crucial aspects of that theory. She refers to these essential aspects as the 'theory in practice' in so far as they are more than a technical approach or a theory of practice but reflect directly a particular analyst's internalisation of the whole psychoanalytic theoretical corpus. While she believes this to be an essential component in any true psychoanalysis, in developing her argument the author looks at situations in which the analyst is particularly prone to forgo this temporal aspect, as is the case when patients show an absence of symbolic thinking within the analytic situation. In fact, with those patients reverie and the visual images it produces within the analyst's mind offer perhaps the only hope of a meeting ground between the concrete and the symbolic and the possibility of avoiding an impasse. Impasse, she suggests, has at its root the absence of reverie as a third and temporal element, inevitably giving rise to concrete thinking on the part of patient and analyst and so to a situation that cannot evolve. 相似文献
228.
When sample information is combined, it is generally considered normative to weight information based on larger samples more
heavily than information based on smaller samples. However, if samples appear likely to have been drawn from different subpopulations,
it is reasonable to combine estimates of these subpopulation means (typically, the sample means) without weighting these estimates
by sample size. This study investigated whether laypeople are influenced by the likelihood of samples coming from the same
population when determining how to combine information. In two experiments we show that (1) implied binomial variability affected
participants’ judgments of the likelihood that a sample was drawn from a given population, (2) participants' judgments were
more affected by sample size when samples were implied to be drawn randomly from a general population, compared to when they
were implied to be drawn from different subpopulations, and (3) people higher in numeracy gave more normative responses. We
conclude that when determining how to weight and combine samples, laypeople use not only the provided data, but also information
about likelihood and sampling processes that these data imply. 相似文献
229.
230.
We report a case of a client who discovered she had a BRCA mutation following direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing in the absence of genetic counseling. After testing she presented
for genetic counseling with anxiety, distress, and a deficit of knowledge about what the DTC genetic testing revealed. Genetic
counseling helped alleviate distress while empowering the client to apply the results of testing to improve medical management.
Despite recent studies demonstrating no negative psychological impact of DTC genetic testing on the consumer, this case illustrates
that significant psychological distress and confusion can occur as a result of DTC genetic testing for highly penetrant single
gene disorders. Pre- and post-test genetic counseling in conjunction with DTC genetic testing may alleviate consumers’ distress
and empower clients to proactively utilize their result information. 相似文献