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491.
Four experiments were conducted to determine whether semantic feedback spreads to orthographic and/or phonological representations
during visual word recognition and whether such feedback occurs automatically. Three types of prime-target word pairs were
used within the mediated-priming paradigm: (1) homophonically mediated (e.g., frog-[toad]-towed), (2) orthographically mediated (e.g., frog-[toad]-told), and (3) associatively related (e.g., frog-toad). Using both brief (53 msec; Experiment 1) and long (413 msec; Experiment 3) prime exposure durations, significant facilitatory-priming
effects were found in the response time data with orthographically, but not homophonically, mediated prime-target word pairs.
When the prime exposure duration was shortened to 33 msec in Experiment 4, however, facilitatory priming was absent with both
orthographically and homophonically mediated word pairs. In addition, with a brief (53-msec) prime exposure duration, direct-priming
effects were found with associatively (e.g., frog-toad), orthographically (e.g., toad-told), and homophonically (e.g., toad-towed) related word pairs in Experiment 2. Taken together, these results indicate that following the initial activation of semantic
representations, activation automatically feeds back to orthographic, but not phonological, representations during the early
stages of word processing. These findings were discussed in the context of current accounts of visual word recognition. 相似文献
492.
Ganor-Stern D Tzelgov J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(2):430-437
In this article, the authors explored the existence of across-notation automatic numerical processing using size comparison and same-different paradigms. Participants were Arabic speakers, who used 2 sets of numerical symbols -- Arabic and Indian. They were presented with number pairs in the same notation (Arabic or Indian) or in different ones (Arabic and Indian). In the size comparison paradigm, 2 digits differing both numerically and physically were compared on the physical dimension. Nevertheless, there was evidence that participants automatically processed the irrelevant numerical dimension in different notation pairs. In the same-different paradigm, 2 digits were presented either in the same or in different notations. Participants had to indicate whether the 2 digits were physically the same. The results again showed evidence for the automatic processing of numerical magnitude for pairs in different notations. Findings of both experiments suggest that numbers in different notations are automatically translated into a common representation of magnitude, in line with M. McCloskey's (1992) abstract representation model. 相似文献
493.
Dana L. Comstock Tonya R. Hammer Julie Strentzsch Kristi Cannon Jacqueline Parsons Gustavo Salazar II 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(3):279-287
Relational‐cultural theory (RCT) theorists advocate expanding the multicultural/social justice counseling competencies beyond the domains of self‐awareness, cultural knowledge, and culturally responsive helping skills. This article provides an overview of RCT and discusses how creating and participating in growth‐fostering relationships are essential dimensions of human development and psychological well‐being. Implications of this theoretical model for counseling practice are also addressed. 相似文献
494.
Jessica Vando Dana M. Rhule-Louie Robert J. McMahon Susan J. Spieker 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(5):615-628
Abtract We examined the extent to which infant attachment status is directly related to child conduct problems 6 years later, and
assessed the potential mediating roles of hostile parenting and maternal depression. The sample included 84 adolescent mothers
and their children (45 girls, 39 boys). Infant attachment status was assessed using the Strange Situation when the study children
were 1-year-old. Hostile parenting was coded during a parent–child interaction task when the study children were 4.5-years-old.
Maternal depression was self-rated, also when the study children were 4.5-years-old, using the Beck Depression Inventory.
Mothers reported child conduct problems at Grade 1 on the Child Behavior Checklist. Infant attachment status at 1 year of
age was directly related to child conduct problems but not to hostile parenting or maternal depression. Neither hostile parenting
nor maternal depression mediated the relationship between infant attachment status and child conduct problems. However, the
pattern of relations differed by attachment security. For securely attached children, maternal depression, but not hostile
parenting, was directly related to conduct problems. For insecurely attached children, hostile parenting, but not maternal
depression, was directly related to child conduct problems. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed. 相似文献
495.
Speech priming tasks are frequently used to delineate stages in the speech process such as lexical retrieval and motor programming.
These tasks, often measured in reaction time (RT), require fast and accurate responses, reflecting maximized participant performance,
to result in robust priming effects. Encouraging speed and accuracy in responding can take many forms, including verbal instructions
and feedback, and often involves visually displayed RT feedback. However, it is uncertain how manipulation of the schedule
of this RT feedback influences speech RT speed and, ultimately, the priming effect. This experiment examined the effect of
visually presented RT feedback schedules on priming patterns in 20 older healthy adults. Results suggested that feedback schedule
manipulation had a differential effect on reaction time, depending on the interstimulus interval between the prime and the
target, but no effect on response priming patterns. 相似文献
496.
Jonathan W. Kanter Laura C. Rusch Andrew M. Busch Sonya K. Sedivy 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(1):36-42
The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) was previously developed to measure changes in avoidance and activation
over the course of Behavioral Activation for depression. Initial scale development, definition of the factor structure and
confirmation of the factor structure was performed with a non-depressed undergraduate sample. These prior results revealed
four factors (Activation, Avoidance/Rumination, Work/School Impairment, and Social Impairment) with good factor structure,
internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties,
factor structure and construct validity of the BADS with a community sample with elevated depressive symptoms (N = 193). Results indicated good psychometric properties, additional evidence for construct validity of the total scale and
subscales, and adequate fit of the data to the original factor structure. Normative data are also provided separately for
depressed men and women, and for Caucasians and African Americans. 相似文献
497.
Tzelgov J Ganor-Stern D Maymon-Schreiber K 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(3):605-624
The representation of negative numbers was explored during intentional processing (i.e., when participants performed a numerical comparison task) and during automatic processing (i.e., when participants performed a physical comparison task). Performance in both cases suggested that negative numbers were not represented as a whole but rather their polarity and numerical magnitudes were represented separately. To explore whether this was due to the fact that polarity and magnitude are marked by two spatially separated symbols, participants were trained to mark polarity by colour. In this case there was still evidence for a separate representation of polarity and magnitude. However, when a different set of stimuli was used to refer to positive and negative numbers, and polarity was not marked separately, participants were able to represent polarity and magnitude together when numerical processing was performed intentionally but not when it was conducted automatically. These results suggest that notation is only partly responsible for the components representation of negative numbers and that the concept of negative numbers can be grasped only through that of positive numbers. 相似文献
498.
Viola Macchi Cassia Marta Picozzi Dana Kuefner Emanuela Bricolo Chiara Turati 《Developmental science》2009,12(2):236-248
The current study compared the development of holistic processing for faces and non‐face visual objects by testing for the composite effect for faces and frontal images of cars in 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children and adults in a series of four experiments using a two‐alternative forced‐choice recognition task. Results showed that a composite effect for faces was present as early as years, and none of the age groups tested showed signs of a composite effect for cars. These findings provide the first demonstration that holistic processing is already selective for faces in early childhood, and confirm existing evidence that sensitivity to holistic information in faces does not increase from 4 years to adulthood. 相似文献
499.
This study was designed to examine the influence of sex and gender role orientation on adoption of the ethic of care and on postconventional reasoning in married men and women, with and without children. Parental status was unrelated to gender role orientation in men but was associated with masculinity in women, such that women with children had lower masculinity scores. Adoption of an ethic of care in men was a function of gender role orientation, such that only androgynous men did not evidence lower caring scores when they had children. Caring scores in women were a function of both parental status and masculinity, such that women with children who were high in masculinity evidenced lower caring scores. Postconventional reasoning as assessed by P scores on three dilemmas from the Defining Issues Test (DIT) were only influenced by sex and age but not by gender role orientation. Postconventional reasoning as assessed by ratings of all postconventional statements (R scores) was influenced by both sex and gender role orientation; in men, masculinity and femininity interacted such that androgynous and undifferentiated men evidenced higher R scores when they had no children, but only androgynous men with children evidenced high R scores. In women, gender role orientation did not impact R scores and neither did parental status. Multiple regressions indicated that for women, the interaction of masculinity and femininity, and caring scores, accounted for a significant amount of the variance in R scores. In men, none of the variables entered the equation. The implications for both Gilligan’s and Bem’s theories are discussed. 相似文献
500.
The goal of the present study was to examine the contribution of executive function (EF) and social cognition to individual differences in emotion regulation (ER) in preschool children. Sixty 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were administered a battery of EF tasks, two theory of mind tasks, a measure of verbal ability, and an ER task. In addition, parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning—Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Performance on the theory of mind tasks as well as parental ratings of executive function was not related to performance on the ER task. However, a component of EF (i.e., inhibition) approached significance with children's displays of positive behaviors during the ER task. Verbal ability was related to the regulation of positive but not negative emotions. Parental ratings of shifting accounted for a significant amount of variance in parental ratings of ER, even after controlling for verbal ability. The findings are discussed in the context of different conceptualizations of the developmental relation between ER and EF. 相似文献