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471.
Attachment Theory and Affect Regulation: The Dynamics,Development, and Cognitive Consequences of Attachment-Related Strategies 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1982/1969, 1973) is one of the most useful and generative frameworks for understanding both normative and individual-differences aspects of the process of affect regulation. In this article we focus mainly on the different attachment-related strategies of affect regulation that result from different patterns of interactions with significant others. Specifically, we pursue 3 main goals: First, we elaborate the dynamics and functioning of these affect-regulation strategies using a recent integrative model of attachment-system activation and dynamics (P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer, 2002). Second, we review recent findings concerning the cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies following the arousal of positive and negative affect. Third, we propose some integrative ideas concerning the formation and development of the different attachment-related strategies. 相似文献
472.
In an attempt to regulate disappointments people may sometimes change their perceptions of the events leading to an undesirable outcome so that in retrospect this outcome seems almost inevitable. This retroactive pessimism effect was demonstrated in three studies. In the first, sports fans rated the likelihood of success for their team and its opponent before and after an important soccer match. Evidence for significant pre‐ and post‐game probability shifts was found for the fans of the defeated team but not for the supporters of the winning opponent. In the second and the third experiments participants responded to a scenario depicting a loss of stipend that was either large or small in value. Participants were expected to show more evidence of retroactive pessimism with greater disappointment. Indeed, estimates of the probability of a more favorable counterfactual outcome were sensitive to the magnitude of the loss with lower estimates of the probability that things could have turned out better in the large stipend condition. The effect was attenuated, however, when the loss was not personal but rather that of a friend (Experiment 2), or when the disappointment was mitigated (Experiment 3). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
473.
474.
Four experiments were conducted to determine whether semantic feedback spreads to orthographic and/or phonological representations
during visual word recognition and whether such feedback occurs automatically. Three types of prime-target word pairs were
used within the mediated-priming paradigm: (1) homophonically mediated (e.g., frog-[toad]-towed), (2) orthographically mediated (e.g., frog-[toad]-told), and (3) associatively related (e.g., frog-toad). Using both brief (53 msec; Experiment 1) and long (413 msec; Experiment 3) prime exposure durations, significant facilitatory-priming
effects were found in the response time data with orthographically, but not homophonically, mediated prime-target word pairs.
When the prime exposure duration was shortened to 33 msec in Experiment 4, however, facilitatory priming was absent with both
orthographically and homophonically mediated word pairs. In addition, with a brief (53-msec) prime exposure duration, direct-priming
effects were found with associatively (e.g., frog-toad), orthographically (e.g., toad-told), and homophonically (e.g., toad-towed) related word pairs in Experiment 2. Taken together, these results indicate that following the initial activation of semantic
representations, activation automatically feeds back to orthographic, but not phonological, representations during the early
stages of word processing. These findings were discussed in the context of current accounts of visual word recognition. 相似文献
475.
The current study examined the interactive effects of an environment high in political decision making and political skill on job satisfaction. We predicted that as perceptions of political decision making increase, the satisfaction of individuals low in political skill would decrease. Conversely, the negative effects of political decision making on job satisfaction would be minimized among individuals high in political skill. Data were gathered from 105 managerial employees of a financial‐services organization. Results provided strong support for the hypothesized political decision‐making/political‐skill relationship. Implications, strengths and limitations, and avenues for future research are discussed. 相似文献
476.
Ganor-Stern D Tzelgov J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(2):430-437
In this article, the authors explored the existence of across-notation automatic numerical processing using size comparison and same-different paradigms. Participants were Arabic speakers, who used 2 sets of numerical symbols -- Arabic and Indian. They were presented with number pairs in the same notation (Arabic or Indian) or in different ones (Arabic and Indian). In the size comparison paradigm, 2 digits differing both numerically and physically were compared on the physical dimension. Nevertheless, there was evidence that participants automatically processed the irrelevant numerical dimension in different notation pairs. In the same-different paradigm, 2 digits were presented either in the same or in different notations. Participants had to indicate whether the 2 digits were physically the same. The results again showed evidence for the automatic processing of numerical magnitude for pairs in different notations. Findings of both experiments suggest that numbers in different notations are automatically translated into a common representation of magnitude, in line with M. McCloskey's (1992) abstract representation model. 相似文献
477.
Dana L. Comstock Tonya R. Hammer Julie Strentzsch Kristi Cannon Jacqueline Parsons Gustavo Salazar II 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(3):279-287
Relational‐cultural theory (RCT) theorists advocate expanding the multicultural/social justice counseling competencies beyond the domains of self‐awareness, cultural knowledge, and culturally responsive helping skills. This article provides an overview of RCT and discusses how creating and participating in growth‐fostering relationships are essential dimensions of human development and psychological well‐being. Implications of this theoretical model for counseling practice are also addressed. 相似文献
478.
Jessica Vando Dana M. Rhule-Louie Robert J. McMahon Susan J. Spieker 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(5):615-628
Abtract We examined the extent to which infant attachment status is directly related to child conduct problems 6 years later, and
assessed the potential mediating roles of hostile parenting and maternal depression. The sample included 84 adolescent mothers
and their children (45 girls, 39 boys). Infant attachment status was assessed using the Strange Situation when the study children
were 1-year-old. Hostile parenting was coded during a parent–child interaction task when the study children were 4.5-years-old.
Maternal depression was self-rated, also when the study children were 4.5-years-old, using the Beck Depression Inventory.
Mothers reported child conduct problems at Grade 1 on the Child Behavior Checklist. Infant attachment status at 1 year of
age was directly related to child conduct problems but not to hostile parenting or maternal depression. Neither hostile parenting
nor maternal depression mediated the relationship between infant attachment status and child conduct problems. However, the
pattern of relations differed by attachment security. For securely attached children, maternal depression, but not hostile
parenting, was directly related to conduct problems. For insecurely attached children, hostile parenting, but not maternal
depression, was directly related to child conduct problems. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed. 相似文献
479.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - The Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) effect is a delay in responding that is assumed to be caused by a bottleneck that prevents preparation of a second... 相似文献
480.
The majority of evidence on the interplay between academic and non‐academic skills comes from high‐income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the bidirectional associations between Ghanaian children's executive function, social‐emotional, literacy, and numeracy skills longitudinally. Children (N = 3,862; M age = 5.2 years at time 1) were assessed using direct assessment at three time points over the course of two school years. Controlling for earlier levels of the same skill, early executive function predicted higher subsequent literacy and numeracy skills, and early literacy and numeracy skills predicted higher subsequent executive function, indicating that the development of executive function and academic skills is inter‐related and complementary over time. Early literacy and numeracy predicted subsequent social‐emotional skills, but early social‐emotional skills did not predict subsequent literacy and numeracy skills. The findings provide longitudinal evidence on children's learning and development in West Africa and contribute to a global understanding of the relations between various developmental skills over time. 相似文献