The Identification of Selling Abilities Needed for Missionary Type Sales

This field study using salespeople, sales managers, and physicians identified 14 abilities necessary for successful pharmaceutical salespeople, the prototypical missionary sales position. Six of the abilities were identified by all three parties and make up the core requirements while one ability was recognized by physicians and not the other two groups. Finally, this research offers suggestions, based on the 14 identified abilities, for recruiting and sales training efficiencies to improve salesperson performance.     

Unmanned Aircraft Systems Selection Practices: Current Research and Future Directions

This review examines evolving personnel selection practices for unmanned aircraft systems/remotely piloted aircraft (UAS/RPA) across the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Naval Services, and U.S. Army. Findings across services revealed several themes, including strengths (e.g., strong predictive validities, consistency in operator profiles), weaknesses (e.g., small number of predictive validation studies, small sample sizes), and gaps (e.g., need for further investigation of noncognitive predictors). Ongoing and proposed research, including development and implementation of new instruments and methodologies, are discussed, followed by suggestions to facilitate enhanced UAS/RPA selection practices across the services.     

Sustained Attention and Unintentional Injury Among Preschool-Aged Children

This study examined vigilance in preschool-aged children and explored the relationship between vigilance and unintentional injury. There were 28 participating children, aged 4 and 5 years, who completed a computerized vigilance task for two 5-min sessions. The task generated measures of correct detections, false alarms, reaction time, and the signal detection indices of d ' and c. Primary caregivers completed daily injury phone journals for a 4-week period. Results indicated that age and signal probability affected vigilance. Older children made more correct detections, had greater perceptual sensitivity, and performed in patterns similar to adults. Performance was enhanced in the high signal probability condition. In addition, vigilance indicators of perceptual sensitivity and response bias were predictive of injury, while age was not. Specifically, children with lower perceptual sensitivity scores, and who were less responsive to the vigilance task, experienced more unintentional injures over the course of the study.     

Attentional control capacity for emotion: An individual-difference measure of internal controlled attention

The purpose of this study was to develop an individual-difference measure of the ability to apply internal controlled attention to emotional mental representations and investigate this measure's relationship to emotion regulation. Attentional control capacity for emotion (ACCE) was measured by adapting a task-switching paradigm where participants had to shift between emotional and neutral task sets. Undergraduate students (N = 91) were randomly assigned to perform either a task measuring ACCE or an emotionally neutral switching task to determine the discriminant validity of ACCE. ACCE predicted behaviour during a stressful anagram task. Individuals who were more efficient at an emotional to neutral task switch persisted longer on the stressful task. In contrast, individuals who more efficient at a neutral to emotional task switch persisted for a shorter time on the stressful task. These results provide insight into the role of attentional deployment in emotion regulation and clinical theories of rumination and anxiety.     

The Application of Biological, Evolutionary, and Sociocultural Frameworks to Issues of Gender in Introductory Psychology Textbooks

The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of biological, evolutionary, and sociocultural frameworks to issues of gender in the 10 most popular introductory psychology textbooks in the U.S. The use of these metatheories is of interest to feminist scholars because they have implications for the extent to which students learn that gender and gender differences are fixed and innate or socially constructed. If gender and gender differences are seen as malleable, then efforts at social change to improve women’s status or men’s and women’s abilities or opportunities can be understood as promising endeavors. The relative use of these three frameworks differed dramatically across books, affording all scholars the opportunity to actively select those texts whose prominent frameworks best align with their course goals. The paper concludes with suggestions for which books offer the most thorough coverage of sociocultural frameworks.     

Bodies and other visual objects: the dialectics of reaching toward objects

Participants viewed video clips of a left or right-handed reach toward an object that was orientated with a handle to the left or right. They were required to classify the object by making a left or right-handed key-press and ignore the reach. These responses were, never-the-less, affected by the observed reach in ways which largely reflected the opportunities for complementary actions in the viewed scenes, given the simultaneous constraints of the object orientation combined with the direction and hand of reach. These influences are claimed to reflect the interdependency of the action possibilities that arise from a set of objects and agents in three-dimensional space that together determine behaviour.     

Choice as a Moderator of Placebo Expectation Effects: Additional Support From Two Experiments

Two experiments investigated the hypothesis that treatment choice enhances placebo treatment efficacy. In Experiment 1, prior to a pain task, participants were given either an expectation that two (inert) products could reduce pain or no expectation. In addition, participants either selected between the two products or were assigned a product to use. Participants given both the placebo expectation and treatment choice reported the lowest pain. Experiment 2 conceptually replicated this finding using a placebo paradigm with aversive auditory stimuli. Additional control conditions indicated that a choice availability (rather than choice restriction) explanation best accounted for these results.     

工作记忆影响时距加工的初步研究

工作记忆会影响时距加工吗？这是一个值得关注的问题。为此,该研究采用双任务范式,选择1～6秒为考察对象,操纵时距编码阶段的工作记忆负荷,以平均复制时距、比率分数及差异系数为因变量指标,旨在探讨不同工作记忆负荷对时距加工的影响。结果发现,1秒、2秒、3秒平均复制长度、复制准确性及变异性不随记忆负荷的大小而变化,4秒、5秒及6秒的平均复制长度随着记忆负荷变大而缩短、复制准确性随着记忆负荷变大而降低、复制变异性随着记忆负荷变大而增大。这意味着工作记忆对时距加工影响具有选择性,可以由时距加工分层机制假说得以解释。     

数学学习困难初中生的N-back任务表现特征

目的：分析数学学习困难初中生与学习优秀初中生的核心认知过程机制差异。方法：采用N-back任务作为测查工作记忆能力的指标,分析初中42名数困生和53名数优生的表现差异。结果：两组学生在0-back任务中无显著差异,在1-back和2-back任务中的差异逐渐增大。回归分析表明2-back和1-back任务对数学成绩有显著影响。结论：1）随着认知负荷增高,数困生和数优生的表现差距增大。数学学习困难的核心认知缺损是工作记忆能力而非简单认知加工过程。2）N-back任务能有效预测数学学习成绩。     

责任关系视角下的儿童责任行为发展研究

为了解社会转型期儿童责任行为的发展特点,本研究以“责任关系”的视角,通过问卷调查的方式考察了儿童的责任行为发展特点及其与学校、家庭表现之间的关系。结果显示：（1）不同性别儿童责任行为存在显著差异,女生的责任行为水平无论在总体或各因子得分上,均显著高于男生;（2）不同年级儿童责任行为存在显著差异,小学生的总体责任行为水平高于初中生;（3）独生子女的自我责任行为显著低于非独生子女,核心家庭儿童在自我责任行为上显著低于扩展家庭中的儿童;（4）责任行为水平高的儿童具有更高的社会能力,家长问卷中参与家务的行为也更多。总之,儿童的责任行为水平与年龄、性别、家务劳动和社会能力均有显著的关联。