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171.
精神科医师特殊干涉权,因精神科领域医疗活动的行为、对象及医师权利具有特殊性,同时符合伦理学的不伤害原则和公正原则,这也是医师自主权的合理运用,因此具有合理性.但是在社会实践中,干涉权由于经常被扩张化而侵犯了患者的利益.由此提出干涉权必须坚持人道主义精神的、坚持医学伦理学的基本原则以及技术规范. 相似文献
172.
We tested the combined effects of goal type and cognitive ability on task performance using a moderately complex task. Business
students (N = 105) worked on a 24 min class scheduling task. The results showed that participants with higher cognitive ability benefited
more from the setting of a performance goal as opposed to a learning goal. The reverse pattern was true for participants with
lower cognitive ability. Performance goals were more effective for participants with higher cognitive ability vis-à-vis those
with lower cognitive ability. The correlation between goal commitment and performance was positive and significant as was
the correlation between cognitive ability and performance. 相似文献
173.
在反对生殖性克隆的诸种理由中,尊严论证是最具有说服力的道德主张.反对生殖性克隆的基本共识是,基因组被他人预先决定会导致克隆人的尊严被贬损.尊严论证需要解决的核心问题就是基因被决定为什么会导致尊严被贬损.一般情况下,纯粹工具性的克隆意图,会导致克隆者将自己的自由意志强加于克隆的自由意志之上,从而导致自由意志主体间的对等性的破缺,使克隆人的尊严在原初意义上就被贬损.但是上述情况不能涵盖所有的克隆意图,在其他情况下,克隆人的尊严是因为自由意志的实现受到限制而被侵犯的. 相似文献
174.
This article examines efficiency issues pertaining to social marketing messages about behavior enactment (e.g., smoker) vs. non-enactment (e.g., nonsmoker). Building on a wealth of psycholinguistics research, we posit that underlying differences in the processing and storage of word concepts with affixal negations affect learning and memory for these concepts (i.e., associations with non-enactment concepts will be harder to learn and remember than associations with enactment concepts). Two experiments support our predictions, suggesting that messages about enactment will demonstrate superior efficiency. Implications of study findings are discussed in terms of possibilities for improving the efficiency of social marketing messages about non-enactment. 相似文献
175.
Tolga Könik Paul O’Rorke Dan Shapiro Dongkyu Choi Negin Nejati Pat Langley 《Cognitive Systems Research》2009,10(3):270-285
In this paper, we present an approach to transfer that involves analogical mapping of symbols across different domains. We relate this mechanism to Icarus, a theory of the human cognitive architecture. Our system can transfer skills across domains hypothesizing maps between representations, improving performance in novel domains. Unlike previous approaches to analogical transfer, our method uses an explanatory analysis that compares how well a new domain theory explains previous solutions under different mapping hypotheses. We present experimental evidence that the new mechanism improves transfer over Icarus’ basic learning processes. Moreover, we argue that the same features which distinguish Icarus from other architectures support representation mapping in a natural way and operate synergistically with it. These features enable our analogy system to translate a map among concepts into a map between skills, and to support transfer even if two domains are only partially analogous. We also discuss our system’s relation to other work on analogy and outline directions for future research. 相似文献
176.
177.
Dan Heilbrunn 《Dao》2009,8(1):79-93
Hermann Hesse (1877–1962), the poet, novelist, man of letters, and painter, created characters who, like the Daoist sages,
had many paradoxical characteristics. Some of Hesse’s characters manage their paradoxical natures well and, like the balanced
sages, are able to be simultaneously changing yet stable, full of life but also empty, in unison with nature and the social
world. Centered between interchanging extremes, these balanced individuals are carefree yet self-controlled, efficacious in
their work yet seemingly inactive, and successful in sustaining leadership and power yet humble and non-obtrusive. These sage-like
individuals, the ideal leaders presented in the Daodejing 道德經, will be the focus of this essay. Specifically, I will focus on the Daoist “hub and wheel” analogy, the concepts of wu 無 and you 有, absence and presence respectively, which are extremely important in order to understand the influence of Daoist philosophy
on Hesse’s literary examples of sage-leadership. 相似文献
178.
Dan Haybron 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2007,8(1):99-138
Life satisfaction is widely considered to be a central aspect of human welfare. Many have identified happiness with it, and
some maintain that well-being consists largely or wholly in being satisfied with one’s life. Empirical research on well-being
relies heavily on life satisfaction studies. The paper contends that life satisfaction attitudes are less important, and matter
for different reasons, than is widely believed.] For such attitudes are appropriately governed by ethical norms and are perspectival
in ways that make the relationship between life satisfaction and welfare far more convoluted than we tend to expect. And the
common identification of life satisfaction with happiness, as well as widespread views about the centrality of life satisfaction
for well-being, are problematical at best. The argument also reveals an unexpected way in which philosophical ethics can inform
scientific psychology: specifically, ethical reflection can help explain empirical results insofar as they depend on people’s
values. 相似文献
179.
Personality and the coherence of psychotherapy narratives 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jonathan M. Adler Joshua W. Wagner Dan P. McAdams 《Journal of research in personality》2007,41(6):1179-1198
The stories people construct about themselves and their social worlds are key aspects of their identities [Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122]. Whereas certain expected life experiences (e.g., leaving home, getting a job) may be relatively easy to narrate, more unexpected and difficult events, such as undergoing psychotherapy, may pose a challenge to successful narration. Yet it is especially important to successfully narrate one’s experience in psychotherapy in order to maintain the gains from treatment [Frank, J. D. (1961). Persuasion and healing: A comprehensive study of psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; Spence, D. P. (1982). Narrative truth and historical truth: Meaning and interpretation in psychoanalysis. New York: W.W. Norton]. The present study collected psychotherapy narratives from 76 adult former clients and coded them for the fundamental story criterion of coherence [Baerger, D. R., & McAdams, D. P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9, 69–96]. Former clients that were high in trait Openness to experience and those at higher stages of ego development told more coherent stories about therapy. The relationship between ego development and narrative coherence remained significant even when controlling for Openness. The findings suggest that high ego development may provide narrators with the kind of sophisticated frameworks for meaning-making that are especially well-suited for the important task of making good sense of psychotherapy. 相似文献
180.
采用拟人化配声和对形容词进行性别倾向评定的方法,对小学生对无性别事物的性别编码进行了研究。结果表明:(1)小学生对无性别事物存在着性别编码倾向,而且相当稳定。这种倾向一年级时已经基本形成,传统文化和生活经验会加强这种倾向。(2)小学生对无性别事物的性别编码总体趋势一致,但也存在一定的年级差异。随年级增长,将雌性倾向事物划分为女性的比率在增长,将雄性倾向事物划分为男性的比率也在增长。(3)小学生对无性别事物的性别编码也具有性别差异。男生和女生存在以自身性别为中心的倾向。男生更多地看到中性事物的男性特征,女生更多地注意到中性事物的女性特征。与男生相比,女生性别编码的倾向更强些。 相似文献