Panic disorder: the psychobiology of external treat and introceptive distress

Panic disorder seems to be mediated by the neuronal circuitry and neurochemical systems that have evolved to respond to external threatening stimuli. Distant threats activate prefrontal cortex (involved in complex planning of avoidance strategies), while immediate threats activate midbrain structures (involved in fast reflexive behaviors). Panic disorder may, however, also involve more specific interoceptive mechanisms. For example, the association between respiratory dysfunction and panic disorder has bolstered a false suffocation alarm hypothesis. Genetic and environmental contributors to panic disorder are beginning to be delineated. Effective pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are able to normalize the relevant psychobiology.     

Contagion and Differentiation in Unethical Behavior: The Effect of One Bad Apple on the Barrel

ABSTRACT— In a world where encounters with dishonesty are frequent, it is important to know if exposure to other people's unethical behavior can increase or decrease an individual's dishonesty. In Experiment 1 , our confederate cheated ostentatiously by finishing a task impossibly quickly and leaving the room with the maximum reward. In line with social-norms theory, participants' level of unethical behavior increased when the confederate was an in-group member, but decreased when the confederate was an out-group member. In Experiment 2 , our confederate instead asked a question about cheating, which merely strengthened the saliency of this possibility. This manipulation decreased the level of unethical behavior among the other group members. These results suggest that individuals' unethicality does not depend on the simple calculations of cost-benefit analysis, but rather depends on the social norms implied by the dishonesty of others and also on the saliency of dishonesty.     

进食障碍发病机制的研究进展与思考

进食障碍是一组典型而严重的心身疾病。随着现代医学模式的转变,生物-心理-社会因素对进食障碍的影响日益受到关注。本文拟从生物学、心理学、社会学因素方面,综述近年来国内外对进食障碍发病机制的最新研究,并结合哲学相关理论对进食障碍发病机制的研究进行探讨分析。     

艾滋病预防性疫苗的研制——转向是岸

对20多年来国际艾滋病疫苗研制失败的关键原因和另辟蹊径进行剖析和探讨.抗原天然构象的缺失导致疫苗无效;特异性免疫系统受HIV侵害无力免疫导致疫苗失效;HIV高度变异、众多分株,寄望研制一种广谱的疫苗不可能,预防免疫难以实施、有效;HIV不适宜制备预防性疫苗,只有调转方向才能走出迷惘,并推出了颠覆传统理论思维的两个防、治疫苗的发明设计.     

简评认知神经科学取向的智力观

随着认知神经科学与生物技术的发展,现当代智力理论的构建明显地受到其影响。这些智力理论被称之为认知神经科学取向的智力观,如Garlick的神经可塑性模型;Das等人根据Luria的神经模型提出的智力PASS模型;Kaufman提出的儿童评估成套测验（K-ABC）;Ceci的生物-生态学智力模型及Perkins的真智力理论等。这些智力观都直接将认知神经过程或神经生物学的某些研究成果融合于其理论模型之中。认知神经科学取向的智力观为智力研究提供了新的研究视角和思考维度,但同时也可能面临某种发展困境。第二代认知科学的具身认知思想可能是解决传统身-心争论的有效途径。     

任务转换加工机制的研究述评

本文重点介绍了任务转换加工机制的三种主要假设：任务重建、任务重复优势和线索重复优势。任务重建假设认为转换加工是一种根据个体行为意图的自上而下的执行控制过程,而任务重复优势假设和线索重复优势假设均认为转换加工是一种由外部刺激启动的自下而上的自动控制过程。三者差异的焦点在于：转换加工过程中是否有执行控制参与。本文围绕这一争论进行了讨论和分析,并对相关领域进行了展望。     

5·12地震灾民安全感与PTSD的关系

对地震灾民安全感状况进行调查并探讨其与PTSD的关系。方法：使用自编地震灾民安全感问卷（Perceived Security Questionnaire for Earthquake Victims, PSQ-EV）和创伤后应激障碍筛查量表平时版（PTSD Checklist Civilian Version, PCL-C）,在震后一个月时对德阳、绵竹和什邡等地290名灾民进行测查。结果：安全感问卷的三个维度:安全需要、归属需要和确定控制感之间存在显著差异;‚在安全需要维度上,不同年龄段存在显著差异;ƒ安全需要和确定控制感与PTSD 回归显著。结论：地震灾民在灾后安全需要的满足程度偏低;灾民安全感与创伤后应激反应有密切关系     

Available but unattended conceptual information in working memory: temporarily active semantic content or persistent memory for prior operations?

In 2 experiments, the authors investigated available but unattended information following working memory task demands. The experimental task presented a memory set containing exemplars from 2 conceptual categories. Following instructions to focus attention on only 1 category, priming of both categories was assessed with category comparisons of exemplar pairs. Priming was greatest for the focused category and for exemplars from the memory set (direct priming). Priming also extended to new exemplars of both categories (indirect priming) and showed little decline over more than 1 min of intervening processes. Finally, changing between category exemplars and features across memory set and comparison phases eliminated the indirect priming. These results support a persistent, operation-specific, procedural account of available but unattended conceptual information in working memory.     

Psychology and Experimental Economics: A Gap in Abstraction

ABSTRACT— Experimental economics and social psychology share an interest in a widening subset of topics, relying on similar lab-based methods to address similar questions about human behavior, yet dialogue between the two fields remains in its infancy. We propose a framework for understanding this disconnect: The different approaches the disciplines take to translating real-world behavior into the laboratory create a "gap in abstraction," which contributes to crucial differences in philosophy about the roles of deception and incentives in experiments and limits cross-pollination. We review two areas of common interest—altruism and group-based discrimination—which demonstrate this gap yet also reveal ways in which the two approaches might be seen as complementary rather than contradictory.     

中国高中学生中的反应风格及其效应

通过测试正反向陈述的NEO-FFI和EPQ,探讨了中国高中生中默认、极端化、折中化、弹性反应风格的特点,及题目陈述方向的改变对其人格测验信效度的影响。结果发现反应风格在中国高中生中确实存在,折中化和弹性风格对测验的影响最为严重,其次为极端化风格,默认风格则可能不算一种偏差。NEO-FFI量表在使用反向陈述题目时信效度下降,说明由于教育水平低而使高中生理解反向题时存在困难