日益孤独的中国老年人：一项横断历史研究

随着社会的巨大变迁, 我国老年人孤独感水平可能逐年增高。通过采用横断历史研究的方法, 对使用UCLA孤独量表(第三版)调查老年人孤独感的25篇文献进行元分析, 调查年代跨度为1995年至2011年, 共涉及13280名老年人。研究结果表明：(1)我国老年人孤独感水平随年代的变迁呈上升趋势; (2)不同婚姻状况、不同性别老年人的孤独感水平随年代均呈上升趋势; (3)老年人孤独感水平存在婚姻状况差异, 但不存在性别差异。     

Resting on laurels: the effects of discrete progress markers as subgoals on task performance and preferences

This article investigates the influence of progress certainty and discrete progress markers (DPMs) on performance and preferences. The authors suggest that the effects of DPMs depend on whether progress certainty is high or low. When the distance to the goal is uncertain, DPMs can help reduce uncertainty and thus improve performance and increase preference. However, when the distance to the goal is certain, DPMs may generate complacency, sway motivation away from the end goal, and decrease performance in the task, as well as its appeal. Therefore, the addition of more information, feedback, or progress indicators may not always improve task performance and preference for the task. The authors validate these claims in 4 experiments.     

Internalism,externalism, and transcendental idealism

The analyses of the mind–world relation offered by transcendental idealists such as Husserl have often been dismissed with the argument that they remain committed to an outdated form of internalism. The first move in this paper will be to argue that there is a tight link between Husserl’s transcendental idealism and what has been called phenomenological externalism, and that Husserl’s endorsement of the former commits him to a version of the latter. Secondly, it will be shown that key elements in Husserl’s transcendental idealism, including his rejection of representationalism and metaphysical realism, is shared with a number of prominent contemporary defenders of an externalist view on the mind. Ultimately, however, it will be suggested that the very alternative between internalism and externalism—an alternative based on the division between inner and outer—might be inapplicable when it comes to phenomenological conceptions of the mind–world relation.     

The over-generalization problem: predicates rigidly signifying the “unnatural”

According to the simple proposal, a predicate is rigid iff it signifies the same property across the different possible worlds. The simple proposal has been claimed to suffer from an over-generalization problem. Assume that one can make sense of predicates signifying properties, and assume that trivialization concerns, to the effect that the notion would cover any predicate whatsoever, can be overcome. Still, the proposal would over-generalize, the worry has it, by covering predicates for artifactual, social, or evaluative properties, such as ‘is a knife,’ ‘is a bachelor,’ or ‘is funny.’ In defense, it is argued that rigidity for predicates as characterized plays the appropriate theoretical role, and that the contention that “unnatural” properties are not to be rigidly signified is ungrounded.     

班级生态系统对儿童亲社会行为影响的研究述评

依据生态系统观以及班级环境中亲社会行为研究的进展,在班级环境中,与儿童人际互动最密切,对其亲社会行为具有重要影响的两类人群是——同伴和教师。作者把儿童与同伴、儿童与教师之间的互动关系作为班级环境中两个重要生态子系统,依次介绍了班级环境中这两个生态子系统的各成分,以及它们对儿童亲社会行为的影响。文章最后指出,该领域的研究应注重人际间的双向互动、基于观察的互动模式研究、以及重视时间变量对行为过程的影响     

Context processing in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of specificity of impairment to the schizophrenia spectrum

Working memory abnormalities, which are particularly pronounced on context processing tasks, appear relatively specific to schizophrenia spectrum illnesses compared with other psychotic disorders. However, the specificity of context processing deficits to schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), a prototype of schizophrenia, has not been studied. The authors administered 3 versions of the modified AX Continuous Performance Test and an N-back working memory test to 63 individuals with SPD and 25 with other personality disorders, as well as 42 healthy controls. For the AX Continuous Performance Test standard and degraded versions, there was a significant Trial Type x Delay x Group interaction, as SPDs made significantly more errors reflecting poor maintenance of context and fewer errors reflecting good maintenance of context. SPDs also demonstrated poor performance on the N-back, especially at the 2-back condition. Context processing errors and N-back accuracy scores were related to disorganization symptoms. These findings, which are quite similar to those previously reported in patients with schizophrenia, suggest that context processing deficits are specific to the schizophrenia spectrum and are not a reflection of overall psychopathology.     

Ill-structured measurement designs in organizational research: implications for estimating interrater reliability

Organizational research and practice involving ratings are rife with what the authors term ill-structured measurement designs (ISMDs)--designs in which raters and ratees are neither fully crossed nor nested. This article explores the implications of ISMDs for estimating interrater reliability. The authors first provide a mock example that illustrates potential problems that ISMDs create for common reliability estimators (e.g., Pearson correlations, intraclass correlations). Next, the authors propose an alternative reliability estimator--G(q,k)--that resolves problems with traditional estimators and is equally appropriate for crossed, nested, and ill-structured designs. By using Monte Carlo simulation, the authors evaluate the accuracy of traditional reliability estimators compared with that of G(q,k) for ratings arising from ISMDs. Regardless of condition, G(q,k) yielded estimates as precise or more precise than those of traditional estimators. The advantage of G(q,k) over the traditional estimators became more pronounced with increases in the (a) overlap between the sets of raters that rated each ratee and (b) ratio of rater main effect variance to true score variance. Discussion focuses on implications of this work for organizational research and practice.     

Predicting Marital Satisfaction From Self,Partner, and Couple Characteristics: Is It Me,You, or Us?

Past research on the link between personal characteristics and marital satisfaction has taken either an individual or a dyadic approach. The individual approach examines how self and/or partner characteristics are associated with satisfaction, whereas the dyadic approach focuses on couple characteristics such as couple similarity. The current research was designed to integrate both approaches. A modified Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (Kashy & Kenny, 2000) was proposed to test simultaneously the contributions of self characteristics, partner characteristics, and two types of couple similarity (level similarity measured by the absolute difference score and shape similarity measured by the profile correlation) in predicting husbands' and wives' marital satisfaction. This model was tested by structural equation modeling in two large, nationally representative, urban samples (N=536 and 537 couples) from China. The results were largely replicated across four personality domains and two value domains, suggesting that all predictors tended to make independent contributions to satisfaction except the absolute difference score.     

"大一统"中国的重新塑造:近代边疆危机与建省改制

领土与国家权力的严格重合是现代民族国家的一个特征.现代意义的国界与古代意义的边疆之内涵差别,体现了现代民族国家国际体系不同于与传统国际关系的特征.在现代民族国家国际体系的冲击和压力下,为了抵抗外来威胁、保持国家统一,清朝末年采取了的一系列边疆建省举措,使中国传统"大一统"框架内的边疆意识和边疆政策发生了根本变化,从而实现了从边疆向国界的转化.国家主权在边疆地区得到更确实的体现,这是一个使疆域"领土"化的过程,也是从传统性国家向现代民族国家转化的体现.国际体系的压力导致了国家内涵的改变,但中国的统一内涵并没有丧失.