Young Freud's linkage with Persia

Abstract

Sigmund Freud's hands helped to mutilate a volume containing a series of “colored plates” like the one replicated in Figure 1 in the text. As a young adult, his personal library included a fairytale whose German text was entitled Die Träumleiter: Ein Marchen. No one has yet been able to authenticate the author's identity beyond the following imprint: “S. Andreas (1832).” The poetic play centers upon a celestial meeting featuring Shakespeare, Goethe, and Dschami. It has been translated into English (The dream ladder: A fairy tale), but still awaits a psychoanalytically informed exegesis.     

A Determination of the Symbolic Meanings of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement Objects

This study was undertaken to determine the validity of the postulated common meanings for the KTSA symbols using the semantic differential to determine empirically Ss' reactions to the KTSA symbol objects. These responses were then used to confirm Kahn's postulated “popular meanings for the symbols. The connotative meanings for the KTSA symbols were determined by the semantic differential ratings of 48 male and 48 female preadolescents. The findings confirmed Kahn's postulated meanings for some of the symbol, while others only partially confirmed and still others were not confirmed at all. The semantic differential ratings were statistically significant 260 out of 336 possible times. The interpretive meaning of the results is discussed.     

Developing Effective Leaders: Motivational Correlates of Leadership Styles

The purpose of this study was to examine the motivational correlates (i.e., ability beliefs and motivational and social orientations) of four leadership styles (i.e., servant, transformational, transactional, and passive/avoidant). Participants included 132 high school and college athletes at a military institute emphasizing leadership development who completed a comprehensive questionnaire assessing leadership styles and motivational variables. Canonical correlation results demonstrated that high task orientation, learning beliefs, and affiliation and recognition social orientations, coupled with lower capacity beliefs, were significantly related to more intrinsically oriented leadership styles. Leadership opportunities also demonstrated relationships with leadership consistent with hypotheses. Discussion highlighted implications for leadership development.     

Responding to Feedback after Multiple-choice Answers: The Influence of Response Confidence

A model is proposed that describes how people choose multiple-choice answers and deal with subsequent feedback. Central to the model is the construct of likelihood, a signal that: (1) indexes the match between task demands and what is known, (2) gives a basis for decisions, and (3) is estimated by response confidence ratings. In two experiments, subjects answered an item, rated confidence, and studied feedback (for 100 items), and then answered the items again. All predictions of the model were confirmed. Specifically, for right/wrong feedback messages, feedback study intervals were longer after correct than incorrect choices (for correct choices, these intervals decreased as confidence increased). Also, there was no relation between the probability of correcting errors and level of confidence. For feedback messages that consisted of an item with correct alternative marked, there was a positive relation between probability of correcting errors and level of confidence.     

A Framework for Valuing Investments in a Nurturing Society: Opportunities for Prevention Research

Investing in strategies that aim to build a more nurturing society offers tremendous opportunities for the field of prevention science. Yet, scientists struggle to consistently take their research beyond effectiveness evaluations and actually value the impact of preventive strategies. Ultimately, it is clear that convincing policymakers to make meaningful investments in children and youth will require estimates of the fiscal impact of such strategies across public service systems. The framework offered here values such investments. First, we review current public spending on children and families. Then, we describe how to quantify and monetize the impact of preventive interventions. This includes a new measurement strategy for assessing multisystem service utilization and a price list for key service provision from public education, social services, criminal justice, health care and tax systems.     

Culturalized Religion: A Synthetic Review and Agenda for Research

Scholars have taken a growing interest in what we call “culturalized religion”—that is, forms of religious identification, discourse, and expression that are primarily cultural in character, insofar as they are divorced from belief in religious dogma or participation in religious ritual. This article aims to clarify our current thinking about these phenomena so as to facilitate future theoretical and empirical work. Drawing on recent work in the sociology of culture, we distinguish between culturalized religion as a form of constituted culture, a form of pragmatic culture, and a form of identity; and theorize three principal types of relations connecting each of these modalities: reinforcing relationships, resource relationships, and destabilizing relationships. In so doing, we develop an inclusive and dynamic approach to studying culturalized religion that clears the ground for further research into its diverse modalities and manifestations, as well as their points of intersection and interaction.