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This study presents a patient (JH) suffering from acquired deep dyslexia. According to a cognitive model of reading, JH exhibited a significant impairment in both the phonological and lexical routes to reading. A rehabilitation program was proposed. We decided to focus on the lexical route using a priming paradigm. The written words were associated with a picture and the patient was invited to construct a mental association between the written word and the image. During five sessions, JH was trained to read 50 words. A pre-test, a post-test, and an 8-month follow-up session consisted of reading 140 written words including the 50 trained words. At the post-test, 90% of the trained words were accurately read. At the follow-up session, JH's reading performance for the trained words was still highly accurate at 84%. This strong effect is discussed and ways of increasing the patient's abilities to read are proposed. 相似文献
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Ofir Turel Qinghua He Damien Brevers Antoine Bechara 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(4):694-704
Addiction-like symptoms in relation to excessive and compulsive social media use are common in the general population. Because they can lead to various adverse effects, there is a growing need to understand the brain systems and processes that are involved in potential social media addiction. We focus on the morphology of the posterior subdivision of the insular cortex (i.e., the insula), because it has been shown to be instrumental to supporting the maintenance of substance addictions and problematic behaviors. Assuming that social media addiction shares neural similarities with more established ones and consistent with evidence from the neuroeconomics domain, we further examine one possible reason for this association—namely that insular morphology influences one's delay discounting and that this delay discounting contributes to exaggerated preference for immediate social media rewards and consequent addiction-like symptoms. Based on voxel-based morphometry techniques applied to MRI scans of 32 social media users, we show that the gray matter volumes of the bilateral posterior insula are negatively associated with social media addiction symptoms. We further show that this association is mediated by delay discounting. This provides initial evidence that insular morphology can be associated with potential social media addiction, in part, through its contribution to poor foresight and impulsivity as captured by delay discounting. 相似文献
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- The postmodern self is so engaged with the symbolic aspects of consumption that many authors have argued that consumption defines the self. Drawing upon the literature in this area, with a particular stress on the symbolic interactionist school of thought, it is the thesis of the authors that many acts of consumption are tribal and role supporting. From this we develop a model: the rubix cube of postmodern consumption. This model places the power of self‐definition squarely on the psychic powers of the individual and not in the realms of consumption. Consumption does not define the self. Evidence, to support this view and model, is garnered from a semiotic analysis of consumption in the motion picture Trainspotting.
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This study investigated the effects of unilateral grab rail assistance during the sit-to-stand transfer to develop an understanding of lower limb joint mechanics and whole body movement patterns. External reaction forces at the grab rail and floor interfaces were also investigated to understand the nature of the assistance provided by the introduction of unilateral upper body assistance. While 12 older aged adults performed the sit-to-stand, three-dimensional body segment kinematics were recorded to determine lower body joint motion and whole body centre of mass motion. Grab rail reaction forces and bilateral ground reaction forces were recorded to determine external reaction forces and lower body joint kinetics. Grab rail assisted conditions were compared with unassisted transfers. During grab rail assistance, a systematic asymmetry was introduced to lower limb joint kinetics, without noticeable alterations to peak lower body joint motion and whole body movement patterns. Ipsilateral net joint moments and powers decreased in the ankle and hip and increased in the knee, while the contralateral net joint moments and powers increased in the hip and decreased in the knee. Joint kinetic and kinematic responses suggest a motor control strategy that maintains symmetric sit-to-stand movement patterns by adjusting bilateral muscle control when a unilateral external reaction force is provided. Understanding the mechanical assistance that is generated during the sit-to-stand will facilitate optimal design of grab rails for older aged adults and may contribute to design for specific pathologies. Such design implementation will influence the ability of older aged adults to remain independent in the community. 相似文献
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This paper critically analyzes Sherrilyn Roush’s (Tracking truth: knowledge, evidence and science, 2005) definition of evidence
and especially her powerful defence that in the ideal, a claim should be probable to be evidence for anything. We suggest
that Roush treats not one sense of ‘evidence’ but three: relevance, leveraging and grounds for knowledge; and that different
parts of her argument fare differently with respect to different senses. For relevance, we argue that probable evidence is
sufficient but not necessary for Roush’s own two criteria of evidence to be met. With respect to grounds for knowledge, we
agree that high probability evidence is indeed ideal for the central reason Roush gives: When believing a hypothesis on the
basis of e it is desirable that e be probable. But we maintain that her further argument that Bayesians need probable evidence
to warrant the method they recommend for belief revision rests on a mistaken interpretation of Bayesian conditionalization.
Moreover, we argue that attempts to reconcile Roush’s arguments with Bayesianism fail. For leveraging, which we agree is a
matter of great importance, the requirement that evidence be probable suffices for leveraging to the probability of the hypothesis
if either one of Roush’s two criteria for evidence are met. Insisting on both then seems excessive. To finish, we show how
evidence, as Roush defines it, can fail to track the hypothesis. This can remedied by adding a requirement that evidence be
probable, suggesting another rationale for taking probable evidence as ideal—but only for a grounds-for-knowledge sense of
evidence. 相似文献
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Julien Favre Damien Fabrègue Akihiko Chiba Yves Bréchet 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(11):631-639
AbstractA new criterion for nucleation in the case of dynamic recrystallization is proposed in order to include the contribution of the grain boundary energy stored in the microstructure in the energy balance. Due to the nucleation events, the total surface area of pre-existing grain boundaries decreases, leading to a nucleus size smaller than expected by conventional nucleation criteria. The new model provides a better prediction of the nucleus size during recrystallization of pure copper compared with the conventional nucleation criterion. 相似文献
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Objective: Studying personal narratives can generate understanding of how people experience physical and mental illness. However, few studies have explored narratives of engagement in health positive behaviours, with none focusing on men specifically. Thus, we sought to examine men’s experiences of their efforts to engage in and maintain healthy behaviours, focusing on meditation as an example of such behaviour.Design: We recruited 30 male meditators, using principles of maximum variation sampling, and conducted two in-depth interviews with each, separated by a year. Main outcome measures: We sought to elicit men’s narratives of their experiences of trying to maintain a meditation practice.Results: We identified an overall theme of a ‘positive health trajectory,’ in particular, making ‘progress’ through meditation. Under this were six main accounts. Only two articulated a ‘positive’ message about progress: Climbing a hierarchy of practitioners, and progress catalysed in other areas of life. The other four reflected the difficulties around progress: Progress being undermined by illness; disappointment with progress; progress ‘forgotten’ (superseded by other concerns); and progress re-conceptualised due to other priorities.Conclusion: Men’s narratives reveal the way they experience and construct their engagement with meditation – as an example of health behaviour – in terms of progress. 相似文献
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Performance following ego threat has often been studied in the laboratory under conditions, which may limit external validity. In the current investigation, Men’s college basketball games were studied focusing on attempts at shot that completely missed the basket and are thus known colloquially as “air ball” shots (ABS). When an away player launches an ABS, the home crowd is likely to recite in unison an “air ball, air ball” chant (ABC) to single him out for a uniquely subpar performance. Similar poor performance by a home player is almost always ignored. An archival exploration showed that away players who shot an ABS had a lower success rate in the shot immediately after, as compared to home players launching an ABS, however, this difference was unrelated to ABC. Also, players with a better shooting ability were better able to deal with the debilitating effects. The results expand ego threat research and are discussed in the context of ego‐depletion and a model is proposed to predict performance quality in social context when the negative feedback is delivered by partisans and one’s knowledge of his skill level is known. 相似文献
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Charlotte R. Pennington Damien Litchfield Neil McLatchie Derek Heim 《European journal of social psychology》2019,49(4):717-734
Underpinned by the findings of Jamieson and Harkins (2007; Experiment 3), the current study pits the mere effort motivational account of stereotype threat against a working memory interference account. In Experiment 1, females were primed with a negative self- or group stereotype pertaining to their visuospatial ability and completed an anti-saccade eye-tracking task. In Experiment 2 they were primed with a negative or positive group stereotype and completed an anti-saccade and mental arithmetic task. Findings indicate that stereotype threat did not significantly impair women's inhibitory control (Experiments 1 and 2) or mathematical performance (Experiment 2), with Bayesian analyses providing support for the null hypothesis. These findings are discussed in relation to potential moderating factors of stereotype threat, such as task difficulty and stereotype endorsement, as well as the possibility that effect sizes reported in the stereotype threat literature are inflated due to publication bias. 相似文献