Climate and Creativity: Cold and Heat Trigger Invention and Innovation in Richer Populations

Nobel laureates, technological pioneers, and innovative entrepreneurs are unequally distributed across the globe. Their density increases in regions toward the North Pole, toward the South Pole, and very close to the Equator. This geographic anomaly led us to explore whether stressful demands of climatic cold and climatic heat (imposed necessities) interact with economic wealth resources (available opportunities) in modulating creative culture—defined here as including both inventive idea generation and innovative idea implementation. Controlling for societal intellectualization, industrialization, and urbanization, results indicated that higher thermal demands, primarily cold stress and secondarily heat stress, hinder creativity in poorer populations but promote creativity in richer populations. Complementing their direct wealth-dependent effects, colder and hotter temperatures also exert indirect wealth-dependent effects on creative culture through lower prevalence of human-to-human transmitted parasitic diseases. Across 155 countries, the resulting ecotheory of creativity accounts for 79% of the variation in creative culture. The findings open up valuable perspectives on the creativity-related consequences of thermal climate—and climate change—in poor and rich populations.     

Mental health and North American Indian/Native communities: Cultural transactions,education, and regulation

Critical issues in the delivery of mental health services to North American Indians/Natives residing in rural areas are discussed by describing Indian populations/communities; briefly summarizing available literature concerning the nature of mental health problems within Indian communities; examining Indian belief systems relevant to participation in mental health service delivery processes; exploring community expectations for structuring participatory interactions which may inhibit utilization of mental health services; and describing transactions between Indian consumers and non-Indian professionals which have become typical over time. The rural context was examined as it interacts with individual and community characteristics to affect Indian mental health. Relations between geography and culture, important in understanding the mental health problems of Indian people, are discussed in regard to expanding community healing resources through empowerment, and viewing "education as transformation" as a key concept in enhancing community healing processes.     

Regressive experiences in Vietnam veterans: Their relationship to war,post-traumatic symptoms and recovery

Regression has been commonly associated with war and postwar symptomatology. Posttraumatic symptoms have been considered regressive when manifested by chronic dependent behavior or outbursts of primitive, aggressive behavior. Recovery from regressive symptoms may in itself induce regressive experiences since recovery necessarily leads to another change in ego boundaries; rigid or fused boundaries becoming realigned, intact, and flexible. Recovery therefore requires a stable and trusting therapeutic relationship to gradually permit such changes. Psychological treatment of Vietnam veterans often has occurred in phases with immediate management of regressive symptoms occurring during early phases and induction of regressive states has often occurred during late phases to facilitate integration of split-off traumatic experiences and emotions.     

Construct accessibility and depression: an examination of cognitive and affective factors

Two studies in which the parameters of construct accessibility in depression were examined are reported. In Experiment 1, depressed and nondepressed subjects were required to name the colors of tachistiscopically presented depressed-content, neutral-content, and manic-content words. Because of the predicted accessibility and interference effects of the depressed-content words, the depressed subjects were expected to demonstrate longer response latencies to these words than to the non-depressed-content words. This response pattern was found for the depressed subjects; the nondepressed subjects did not demonstrate differential response latencies. In Experiment 2, a mood-induction paradigm was used to investigate whether the interference effects obtained in Experiment 1 were due to temporary mood differences between the depressed and nondepressed subjects, or were a function of more stable depression-associated patterns of information processing. Although predicted group differences were obtained on a mood adjective checklist, no effects were found for task performance. These results suggest that transient mood is not a sufficient explanation for the results obtained in Experiment 1. The implications of the present findings for the understanding of both construct accessibility and depression are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.     

Improving the concurrent validity of the Bender-Gestalt test

30 individuals diagnosed as showing Korsakoff's psychosis, 30 as paranoid schizophrenics and 30 as normal controls, each had the Bender-Gestalt test administered by four different methods. All four showed good concurrent validity. The so-called perfect method which requires the individual to compare his drawings on the standard administration with the Bender-Gestalt test cards and to redraw the design eliminating errors, showed some potential for improving the predictive validity of the Bender-Gestalt test.