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61.
International Journal for Philosophy of Religion - A number of thinkers suggest that, given certain conditions, it’s possible that any concrete human nature could have been united... 相似文献
62.
Charmaine W.Q. Lim Al K.C. Au Rhiannon N. Turner 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2020,30(3):307-321
Imagined contact can be effective at reducing social stigma. However, the effect may depend on the strength of the stigma held. We tested the robustness of imagined contact in an Asian setting where stigmatization of mental illness is stronger than in Western countries. In Experiment 1 (n = 167) with five conditions, only an enhanced version of positive imagined contact was able to decrease stigma towards people with schizophrenia through decreasing intergroup anxiety. Given the potential discrepancy between imaginations and reality about experiences with stigmatized groups, in Experiment 2 (n = 121), we tested the hypothesis that after presenting participants with factual information about a mental illness group, imagined contact might backfire, resulting in more negative perceptions. However, enhanced imagined contact alongside factual message about schizophrenia did not increase stigma. The backfiring hypothesis was therefore not supported. Nevertheless, providing realistic information did negate the positive effects of enhanced imagined contact on stigma reduction. In both experiments, we also showed that intergroup anxiety mediated the effect of enhanced imagined contact on various measures of stigma. 相似文献
63.
Dale M. Brethower G. S. Reynolds 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1962,5(2):191-199
The key pecking of two pigeons was reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement during the presentation of each of two stimuli. In various phases of the experiment, punishment followed every response emitted in the presence of one of the stimuli. In general, when the rate of punished responding changed during the presentation of one stimulus, the rate of unpunished responding during the other stimulus changed in the opposite direction. This sort of change in rate is an example of behavioral contrast. When punishment was introduced, the rate of punished responding decreased and the rate of unpunished responding increased as functions of shock intensity. When the rate of previously punished responding increased after the termination of the shock, the rate of the always unpunished responding decreased. When the procedure correlated with a red key was changed from variable-interval reinforcement and punishment for each response to extinction and no punishment, the rate of reinforced responding during presentations of a green key decreased and then increased while the rate of the previously punished responding during red first increased and then decreased during extinction. 相似文献
64.
Dale Jacquette 《Studia Logica》2006,82(3):337-343
If we agree with Michael Jubien that propositions do not exist, while accepting the existence of abstract sets in a realist
mathematical ontology, then the combined effect of these ontological commitments has surprising implications for the metaphysics
of modal logic, the ontology of logically possible worlds, and the controversy over modal realism versus actualism. Logically
possible worlds as maximally consistent proposition sets exist if sets generally exist, but are equivalently expressed as
maximally consistent conjunctions of the same propositions in corresponding sets. A conjunction of propositions, even if infinite
in extent, is nevertheless itself a proposition. If sets and hence proposition sets exist but propositions do not exist, then
whether or not modal realism is true depends on which of two apparently equivalent methods of identifying, representing, or
characterizing logically possible worlds we choose to adopt. I consider a number of reactions to the problem, concluding that
the best solution may be to reject the conventional model set theoretical concept of logically possible worlds as maximally
consistent proposition sets, and distinguishing between the actual world alone as maximally consistent and interpreting all
nonactual merely logically possible worlds as submaximal.
I am grateful to the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIAS), Royal Netherlands
Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), for supporting this among related research projects in philosophical logic and philosophy
of mathematics during my Resident Research Fellowship in 2005-2006. 相似文献
65.
The Bursts and Lulls of Multimodal Interaction: Temporal Distributions of Behavior Reveal Differences Between Verbal and Non‐Verbal Communication 下载免费PDF全文
Drew H. Abney Rick Dale Max M. Louwerse Christopher T. Kello 《Cognitive Science》2018,42(4):1297-1316
Recent studies of naturalistic face‐to‐face communication have demonstrated coordination patterns such as the temporal matching of verbal and non‐verbal behavior, which provides evidence for the proposal that verbal and non‐verbal communicative control derives from one system. In this study, we argue that the observed relationship between verbal and non‐verbal behaviors depends on the level of analysis. In a reanalysis of a corpus of naturalistic multimodal communication (Louwerse, Dale, Bard, & Jeuniaux, 2012 ), we focus on measuring the temporal patterns of specific communicative behaviors in terms of their burstiness. We examined burstiness estimates across different roles of the speaker and different communicative modalities. We observed more burstiness for verbal versus non‐verbal channels, and for more versus less informative language subchannels. Using this new method for analyzing temporal patterns in communicative behaviors, we show that there is a complex relationship between verbal and non‐verbal channels. We propose a “temporal heterogeneity” hypothesis to explain how the language system adapts to the demands of dialog. 相似文献
66.
Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body. 相似文献
67.
We describe how the work of Guy Van Orden has been deeply influential in a variety of ways and focus on 2 important features: measurement and context. The centrality of these variables in understanding how psychological regularities emerge in our investigative contexts, and evolve into theories, recommends a different way of dealing with complexity. We argue that the Van Orden approach has, as one possible consequence, a plural approach to psychological phenomena. We end by describing what this means for cognitive science. 相似文献
68.
Joshua A. Weible Brian D. Nuest Jessica Welty William E. Pate Marilyn L. Turner 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):38-47
Previous research has repeatedly found that the elderly demonstrate significant declines in direct measures of memory. This study examined verbal learning and memory in the young and old participants using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). We hypothesized that slowing down the presentation rate of a list of words, therefore giving the participants more time to rehearse while learning new information, would decrease the normal differences found between the young and old adults on memory recall. However, at a faster presentation rate, the usual differences would be found. Participants took the CVLT, and correct recall responses were measured as a function of age and presentation rate. It was found, as expected, that at the faster presentation rate, the young did significantly better than the old on recall, but at the slower presentation rate, the differences between age groups diminished. It was concluded that by giving the elderly more time to rehearse information, age-related differences in memory recall could be greatly diminished. 相似文献
69.
70.
Jason Turner 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2012,41(2):419-448