新一代测验理论-认知诊断理论的源起与特征

认知诊断理论被视为新一代测验理论的核心,是认知心理学与现代测量学相结合的产物。对认知诊断的研究已成为当前国外心理学研究的一个重要热点,并引起国内学者的广泛关注。本文从认知诊断的源起、概念、特征,及研究的基础、框架、意义和难点等七个方面对认知诊断的理论与技术作了一个简要述评,以期推进我国心理学界认知诊断的研究工作。     

5～9岁儿童对心理过程差异的理解

对心理过程差异的理解是学龄后儿童心理理论发展的一部分。本文主要探讨5-9岁儿童对心理过程差异的理解,即理解两个体在看到同样的物体时思维过程是否相同。采用“思想泡泡”的方法给5岁、7岁、9岁各20名儿童讲述故事,考察故事中人物背景知识的有无、对象的不同(自我-他人/他人-他人)及对象间关系的不同(朋友/陌生人)对儿童判断心理过程差异的影响。结果发现,有无背景信息对儿童理解心理过程差异有显著影响,而故事中对象不同及对象之间关系的不同对儿童理解心理过程差异无显著影响。同时还发现,随着年龄的增长,儿童逐渐意识到两个体的思维过程是不同的且能提供比较充分的解释,对心理过程差异的理解使学龄后儿童对个体独特性有更深的了解。     

不同复原类型贫困大学生人格的差异分析

心理复原力是指个体从困境或生活威胁性情境中维持身心功能健康的能力。为探讨不同复原类型中影响贫困大学生心理复原力的人格差异,该研究使用卡特尔16种个性因素测验、大学生心理复原量表对1658名贫困大学生进行随机调查。结果表明:1)贫困大学生具有较强的心理复原力,性别、年级的主效应及其交互效应不显著;2)贫困大学生的心理复原力可分为复原强型、中间型和弱型3类;3)在不同复原类型组贫困大学生中,预测心理复原力的特质和次级人格因子有所不同。心理复原的个体差异部分来自人格。     

如何统计寺院丛林中的“香火”现象

西方宗教的区位张力分布可用"钟形曲线"来进行描述,但对于包括中、日、韩等国在内的东方宗教来说,该曲线却完全不适用。东方宗教可用"不对称的下凹曲线"来进行整体的描述与把握。相应地,针对东方寺院丛林中的"香火"现象,其统计项目与原则也有所不同。     

项目反应理论在编制现代性量表中的应用

项目反应理论（ＩＲＴ）是近年来探讨较多的一种心理测量理论。由于其所具有的一些优于经典测验理论（ＣＴＴ）的特性,正得到愈来愈多的重视和应用。该研究旨在应用ＩＲＴ来编制现代性量表。人的现代化是整个社会现代化过程中不可缺少的部分,因此编制衡量人的现代性的量表有一定的理论和实践意义。研究结果表明,应用ＩＲＴ编制量表,在满足假设的情况下,可使量表既简便,又有较高的精度,效度研究表明本研究编制的现代性量表有较高的效度。     

Cognitive factors associated with depression and anxiety in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study

Background/Objective: To examine the roles of anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents. Method: 214 grade 7 to grade 10 Hong Kong Chinese students completed a package of psychometric inventories to measure levels of anxiety sensitivity, selective attentional processing, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2016 and then again in 2017. Results: Girls, when compared with boys, exhibited more anxiety symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in 2016. They also reported a significant increase in mean depression level from 2016 to 2017. Regression analyses revealed that the physical-concerns dimension of anxiety sensitivity, positive attentional bias, and to a lesser extent negative attentional bias were related to the development of both anxiety and depression symptoms one year later. Fear of mental incapacity could predict depression one year later but not anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Intervention through anxiety sensitivity training to reduce somatic concerns and attentional bias modification to increase habitual attention to positive stimuli and to disengage from negative stimuli can reduce anxiety and depression symptoms among high school students.     

The Effects of Extrinsic Motivation on Scientific and Artistic Creativity among Middle School Students

The present study tested the effects of extrinsic motivation on scientific and artistic creativity among Chinese middle school students. In Study 1, a between-groups design was applied to examine the effects of expected rewards on scientific and artistic creativity among 123 students, and in Study 2 the same design was applied to examine the effects of expected evaluation from different raters on scientific and artistic creativity among 120 students. We also considered the effects of grade and gender in both studies. The results of Study 1 indicated that expected material reward had significant negative effects on scientific creativity for 7th graders, while expected social reward had significant positive effects on scientific creativity for 8th graders, and both expected material and social rewards had significant positive effects on artistic creativity. The results of Study 2 indicated that expected evaluation from teachers and classmates had significant negative effects on scientific creativity and significant positive effects on artistic creativity. These results suggest that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the effects of extrinsic motivation and creativity, Factors such as culture, type of extrinsic motivation, grade, and domains of creativity must be fully considered when cultivating adolescents’ creativity.     

血糖水平对STZ鼠探究行为及学习记忆的影响

为了解不同血糖水平下链脲佐菌素诱导鼠（STZ鼠）探究行为与学习和记忆的变化情况,把60只STZ鼠按血糖水平分成高血糖组、良好血糖组和低血糖组3组,进行延迟时间、探究时间测定和小鼠跳台试验,并与正常对照组比较。结果发现,良好血糖组与正常对照组各检测指标均相近;3组STZ鼠延迟时间、完成迷津作业时间均按血糖值递增;组间差异显著;小鼠跳台试验中高血糖组的错误数最多,24小时后错误数最少,前后差值有组间差异;延迟时间、探究时间与血糖呈显著正相关,错误数差值与血糖呈显著负相关。结果表明,高血糖鼠的探究行为和学习能力最差,但对被动回避学习的记忆保持相对较好。     

项目反应理论多级记分模型参数估计的实现

项目反应理论中参数估计程序的实现,一直是研究现代测量理论的学者们关注的问题。该研究从理论上探讨了多级模型参数估计的实现途径,并模拟了5批不同数量及分布情形的项目及被试参数,生成相应的原始得分矩阵,对自编程序及国际流行的相关程序进行了严格的比较校验,验证结果证明本程序具有精确、稳定的性能,并且发现被试量太少将影响参数估计的精确性及稳定性