小学四年级数学诊断性测验的编制与研究

诊断性测验是诊断性评价的工具。本研究以教育测量与评价的基本原理为指导,按照诊断性测验编制的方法和步骤,在详细制定了小学四年级数学教学目标体系的基础上编制出《小学四年级数学诊断性测验》并获取了该测验的信度和效度证据。本研究对中小学各科诊断性测验的编制具有普遍的指导意义,所编测验对于诊断学生学习困难、弥补教学不足有实际应用价值。     

The cross-cultural generalizability of Axis-II constructs: an evaluation of two personality disorder assessment instruments in the People's Republic of China

We examined the reliability, cross-instrument validity, and factor structure of Chinese adaptations of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+; N = 1,926) and Personality Disorders Interview (PDI-IV; N = 525) in psychiatric patients. Comparisons with data from Western countries suggest that the psychometric properties of these two instruments are comparable across cultures. Low to modest agreement between the PDQ-4+ and PDI-IV was observed for both dimensional and categorical personality disorder evaluations. When the PDI-IV was used as the diagnostic standard, the PDQ-4+ showed higher sensitivity than specificity, and higher negative predictive power than positive predictive power. Factor analyses of both instruments replicated the four-factor structure O'Connor and Dyce (1998) found in Western samples. Results suggested that conceptions and measures of DSM-IV personality disorders are cross-culturally generalizable to Chinese psychiatric populations.     

多级估量法在大学生职业价值观研究中的应用

用模糊数学中的多级估量法对532名大学生的职业价值观进行调查研究,结论如下(1)当代大学生的职业价值观呈现出多元化的特点,在多元化的职业价值体系中,"充分发挥能力"、创造性"、"收入"处于前三位,"地位、名声"、"成长为领导者"、"冒险",处于后三位.(2)用多级估量法不但可以得到用排序法得到的信息,而且可以得到用排序法得不到的更加细致的信息.(3)就整体而言,大学生的职业价值观不因其所在的学校、所学的专业科类、是否临近毕业、性别等因素的不同而不同.就部分而言,上述四大因素都对大学生的某些职业价值项目有一定的影响.     

主动性人格对大学生求职行为影响机制的追踪研究

基于求职自我效能感和就业情境压力感知视角,考察主动性人格对大学生求职行为的影响及其作用机制。采用问卷调查法,在珠三角地区6所高校选取1000名大四学生进行为期6个月的追踪测查,对前、后侧均参加调查的658名被试数据进行统计分析。结果表明:主动性人格对求职行为具有显著的正向促进作用;求职自我效能感在主动性人格与求职行为之间起部分中介作用;就业情境压力正向调节主动性人格与求职行为之间的关系,即感知的就业情境压力越大,主动性人格与求职行为之间的正向关系越强。     

不同发展阶段的习得性长时程突触增强对新学习的影响

在慢性实验条件下观察到大鼠由学习训练所产生的海马CA_3区习得性长时程突触增强,它的不同发展阶段对新学习任务的习得有不同的作用:(1)在它的形成阶段及巩固阶段对新学习均有易化作用,虽然两个阶段突触效应增强的程度都处于相同的高水平,但后者的易化作用相对要大些,提示这两个发展阶段突触的可塑性变化是有差异的;还有,新学习任务的训练并没有引起突触效应的进一步增强,表明突触效应的长时程增强有“饱和”现象。(2)在它消退后,对新学习任务的习得没有影响。上述结果提示学习的组织形式不同,可从突触机制上影响学习的效果,并进一步证明习得性长时程突触增强是学习和记忆的神经基础。     

离散交叠作业中反应选择与反应组织加工关系的研究

实验结果支持反应选择瓶颈理论,并证实反应组织是在反应选择阶段完成的多任务之一。因此,反应组织不具备瓶颈性质。     

上下文熟悉效应对元记忆监测和记忆的影响

在认知任务中,伴随编码和检索的外围信息被称为上下文,其本身并不是编码或检索的目标。如果学习时的上下文在其后进行提取时重复出现,不管是否对应之前的学习项目,都会增加个体再认正确的概率。这种由于上下文增强项目熟悉感而促进记忆效果的现象就称为上下文熟悉效应。本研究通过两个实验探究上下文熟悉效应对元记忆监测及记忆的影响机制。其中,元记忆监测是以学习判断和信心判断为指标。记忆成绩则是以再认正确率为指标。研究结果显示:第一,上下文熟悉效应影响元记忆监测:学习判断等级上,恢复条件显著高于新条件,且不受任务难度影响; 信心判断等级上,简单任务时恢复条件与新条件无显著差异,困难任务时恢复条件显著高于新条件。第二,上下文熟悉效应影响记忆成绩:再认成绩上,简单任务时新条件显著高于恢复条件; 困难任务时恢复条件显著高于新条件。研究得出结论:上下文熟悉效应对元记忆监测和记忆都有显著影响,任务难度起调节作用。     

Age-related differences in the use of spatial and categorical relationships in a visuo-spatial working memory task

Research examining object identity and location processing in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) has yielded inconsistent results on whether age differences exist in VSWM. The present study investigated whether these inconsistencies may stem from age-related differences in VSWM sub-processes, and whether processing of component VSWM information can be facilitated. In two experiments, younger and older adults studied 5 × 5 grids containing five objects in separate locations. In a continuous recognition paradigm, participants were tested on memory for object identity, location, or identity and location information combined. Spatial and categorical relationships were manipulated within grids to provide trial-level facilitation. In Experiment 1, randomizing trial types (location, identity, combination) assured that participants could not predict the information that would be queried. In Experiment 2, blocking trials by type encouraged strategic processing. Thus, we manipulated the nature of the task through object categorical relationship and spatial organization, and trial blocking. Our findings support age-related declines in VSWM. Additionally, grid organizations (categorical and spatial relationships), and trial blocking differentially affected younger and older adults. Younger adults used spatial organizations more effectively whereas older adults demonstrated an association bias. Our finding also suggests that older adults may be less efficient than younger adults in strategically engaging information processing.     

道德悖论视阈中的德福悖论

德行与幸福的关系问题是道德哲学的重要问题.德行是否与幸福保持一致直接影响到人们对某种道德理论的判断和评价.运用道德悖论理论可以帮助我们从一种新的视角来分析、理解二者之间的关系.现代德性伦理所追求的提升道德主体的整体德性,对于克服功利主义和单纯义务论对德福关系的简单理解.正确理解德福悖论具有借鉴意义.