如何统计寺院丛林中的“香火”现象

西方宗教的区位张力分布可用"钟形曲线"来进行描述,但对于包括中、日、韩等国在内的东方宗教来说,该曲线却完全不适用。东方宗教可用"不对称的下凹曲线"来进行整体的描述与把握。相应地,针对东方寺院丛林中的"香火"现象,其统计项目与原则也有所不同。     

为什么被选的和被拒的会是同一个备择选项?

选项的排列和描述方式会对人们的决策产生重大影响, 选择和拒绝反应模式作为描述方式中的特殊变式, 其研究价值和应用潜力被研究者低估。靠“选择和拒绝”反应模式达成决策时的差异表现在认知努力、选择注意力、决策标准等5个层面, 近30年来逐渐发展出了丰富选项范式、分阶段缩小技术和直接询问法等研究范式, 并探索出兼容性假说、承诺假说和强调假说等较为成熟的理论假说, 用以阐述选择和拒绝反应模式差异的内在机制。选择和拒绝反应模式已在消费者行为、医疗卫生等领域中发挥出实在的推动作用, 未来研究可考虑着眼于选择和拒绝反应模式作为助推手段的应用价值和助推实践。     

Types of Leaders Across the Organizational Hierarchy: A Person-Centered Approach

Leadership pipeline research typically has taken a “skill-centered” approach to describe the changing skill requirements across management positions. However, the current study advances previous research by taking a “person-centered” approach to investigate the prevalence of different leader types along the organizational hierarchy. Based on an inverse principle components analysis, this study identified three unique patterns of skill configuration. We labeled the three leader types: (a) Driven Experts, (b) Principled Partners, and (c) Charismatic Advocates. It was found that the prevalence of one type (Principled Partners) decreased across organizational levels, whereas the other two types (Driven Experts and Charismatic Advocates) increased in the prevalence from the low to high management levels. The implications of the findings on leadership development are discussed.     

Asian Couples in Negotiation: A Mixed‐Method Observational Study of Cultural Variations Across Five Asian Regions

The purpose of this study was to explore variations in how contemporary couples from five different Asian regions negotiate disagreements. Video recordings of 50 couples (10 each from Japan, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) discussing unresolved disagreements provided raw data for quantitative and qualitative analyses. First, teams of coders from each region used a common protocol to make quantitative ratings of content themes and interaction patterns for couples from their own region. An interregional panel of investigators then performed in‐depth qualitative reviews for half of these cases, noting cultural differences not only in observed patterns of couple behavior but also in their own perceptions of these patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed clear regional differences on dimensions such as overt negativity, demand‐withdraw interaction, and collaboration. The qualitative results also provided a richer, more nuanced view of other (e.g., gender‐linked) conflict management patterns that the quantitative analyses did not capture. Inconsistencies between qualitative and quantitative data and between the qualitative observations of investigators from different regions were most pronounced for couples from Korea and Japan, whose conflict styles were subtler and less direct than those of couples from the other regions.     

Effects of Voluntary and Automatic Control of Center of Pressure Sway During Quiet Standing

The authors investigated the effects of voluntary and automatic control on the spatial variables (envelope area, maximal amplitude, and root mean square [RMS]) of center of pressure (COP) displacement during quiet standing and identified differences in their postural control strategies (mean velocity [MV], mean power frequency [MPF], and power density). COP data were recorded under relaxed (experimental control), still (voluntary control), and dual (automatic control) conditions. RMS was significantly lower in the still and dual conditions than in the relaxed condition. MV, MPF, and power density were significantly higher in the still condition than in the dual condition. These results indicate that both voluntary and automatic control decrease the spatial variables of COP displacement; however, their postural control strategies are different.     

Local Dynamic Stability of the Locomotion of Lower Extremity Joints and Trunk During Backward Upslope Walking

Backward slope walking was considered as a practical rehabilitation and training skill. However, its gait stability has been hardly studied, resulting in its limited application as a rehabilitation tool. In this study, the effect of walking direction and slope grade were investigated on the local dynamic stability of the motion of lower extremity joints and trunk segment during backward and forward upslope walking (BUW/FUW). The local divergence exponents (λ_S) of 16 adults were calculated during their BUW and FUW at grades of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Mean standard deviation over strides (MeanSD) was analyzed as their gait variability. Backward walking showed larger λ_S for the abduction-adduction and rotational angles of knee and ankle on inclined surface than forward walking, while λ_S for hip flexion-extension angle at steeper grades was opposite. No grade effect for any joint existed during BUW, while λ_S increased with the increasing grade during FUW. As to the trunk, walking direction did little impact on λ_S. Still, significant larger λ_S for its medial-lateral and vertical motion were found at the steeper grades during both FUW and BUW. Results indicate that during BUW, the backward direction may influence the stability of joint motions, while the trunk stability was challenged by the increasing grades. Therefore, BUW may be a training tool for the stability of both upper and lower body motion during gait.     

当代大学生职业兴趣的结构与测量

该研究考察了我国当代大学生职业兴趣的结构,并编制出相应的测量工具.首先通过开放式问卷调查、文献调研,以及对已有测评工具中条目的整理,构建出职业兴趣描述库,再以此为基础编制自陈式职业兴趣调查表,对大学生的职业兴趣结构进行初步探索,得出九个维度,分别命名为研究型、艺术型、展示型、社会型、冒险型、企业型、常规型、现实型和生态型.其次通过验证性因素分析方法检验测验的构想效度,结果发现各指标拟合良好.此外,实证数据也表明测验具有良好的同质性信度和重测信度.研究结果证明大学生职业兴趣调查表具有较好的心理测量学品质,可应用于实践领域.     

Eye–voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children

We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye‐movement measures and in the eye–voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit‐RAN than in dice‐RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print‐to‐sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia.     

表现性测验在能力评价中的应用

相对传统的纸笔测验形式,表现性测验的突出特点是任务的真实性水平较高。表现性测验是一种认知导向的测验。在国外教育、医学、心理咨询与治疗等领域的能力评价中,一系列表现性测验已被开发出来并用于实践,获得了较好的心理测量学指标。表现性测验可用于国内学生、教师的能力评价,辅助人才选拔以及相关职业资格认证的实践。表现性测验开发过程中若合理应用概化理论、项目反应理论等现代测量理论,对于提高测验信度和效度都有一定积极意义。