Enhanced fatigue resistance of a nickel-based hastelloy induced by a surface nanocrystallization and hardening process

Improvements in the fatigue resistance of a nickel-based alloy have been achieved via a surface nanocrystallization and hardening (SNH) process. The enhanced fatigue resistance is related to the surface nanocrystallization, work hardening, and compressive residual stresses induced by the SNH process.     

Phase transitions of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at pressures up to 27 GPa

The phase transitions of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 bulk metallic glass have been investigated under high pressures and at room temperature. Direct resistance measurements in a diamond anvil cell provide evidence of a reversible transition between amorphous and crystalline phases; crystallization events occurred at 24 and 26.2 GPa on uploading, and crystalline-to-amorphous phase transitions were observed at 16 and 10.6 GPa on downloading. The phase transitions were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations.     

Size-dependent interaction between a screw dislocation and an inhomogeneity of arbitrary shape in an applied stress field

We present a general approximate solution for a screw dislocation interacting with an inhomogeneity of arbitrary shape in an applied stress field. The analysis is based on the Eshelby inhomogeneity theory. As special cases, explicit solutions for some common inhomogeneity shapes are obtained, from which size-dependent effects of dislocation stress field and the applied stress field on the interaction can be identified.     

Ethical Academic Judgments and Behaviors: Applying a Multidimensional Ethics Scale to Measure the Ethical Academic Behavior of Graduate Students

Using Reidenbach and Robin's Multidimensional Ethics Scale, this study investigated the relationships between background variables and students' ethical evaluations, judgments, and behavioral intentions using 3 scenarios involving dilemmas related to academic dishonesty. The sample included 436 master's students and 142 doctoral students. The study found that the participants used a combination of ethical philosophies to make ethical decisions. The respondents judged improper citations more harshly than acts of inappropriate authorship or the falsification of data. The doctoral students generally considered behaviors related to plagiarism and falsification to be more unethical than the master's students did, though no gender differences were found.     

Using Deterministic, Gated Item Response Theory Model to Detect Test Cheating due to Item Compromise

The Deterministic, Gated Item Response Theory Model (DGM, Shu, Unpublished Dissertation. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2010) is proposed to identify cheaters who obtain significant score gain on tests due to item exposure/compromise by conditioning on the item status (exposed or unexposed items). A “gated” function is introduced to decompose the observed examinees’ performance into two distributions (the true ability distribution determined by examinees’ true ability and the cheating distribution determined by examinees’ cheating ability). Test cheaters who have score gain due to item exposure are identified through the comparison of the two distributions. Hierarchical Markov Chain Monte Carlo is used as the model’s estimation framework. Finally, the model is applied in a real data set to illustrate how the model can be used to identify examinees having pre-knowledge on the exposed items.     

《纯粹理性批判》第二版先验演绎读解

范畴的先验演绎是《纯粹理性批判》中最重要、最难懂的部分,也是在第二版中作了最大修改的部分.本文将从三个方面对第二版先验演绎给予解释性的说明,一说明了先验演绎的内涵、必要性及其困难;二阐述了先验演绎的展开,分析了先验统觉是综合的统一性与分析的统一性同一的根据,还有先验统觉如何借助于先验想象力从而使得认识成可能;三提出先验演绎带给我们的启示和留给我们困难.     

深度透视恐怖主义的根源——读张家栋《恐怖主义论》

恐怖活动被认为是一心智偏执者发泄不满与仇恨的产物,是与文明进步背道而驰的野蛮行径。张家栋《恐怖主义论》从一个新的角度揭示了恐怖主义与现代性之间相生相克的关系。表明恐怖主义并非文明社会的“怪胎”,而是现代文明,尤其是西方文明在当代发展的结果。要摆脱现代性与恐怖主义之间的恶性循环,应该从东方智慧中汲取营养。     

A general area theorem for the same-different paradigm

According to a well-known theorem in psychophysics (Green & Swets, 1966), the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for the yes-no paradigm equals the proportion of correct responses of an unbiased observer in the two-interval, two-alternative, forced choice paradigm (2I2AFC). Here, we demonstrate a similar relationship between the ROC area in the two-interval same-different (AX or 2IAX) paradigm, and the proportion correct in the four-interval same-different (4IAX, also known as dual-pair comparison) paradigm. The theorem demonstrated here is general, in the sense that it does not require that the sensory observations have a specific distribution (e.g., Gaussian), or that they be statistically independent.