对《韦氏成人智力量表等几种心理测验修订中存在的问题》一文的商榷

谈加林同志在《心理学报》1986年第3期上发表《韦氏成人智力量表等几种心理测验修订中存在的问题》一文,认为龚耀先同志负责的全国心理测验协作组在修订韦氏成人智力量表等几种心理测验中,对常模样本的代表性、常模群体的界定及分数组合与等距性问题上有着“忽视了这些工作而没有尽自己能力”的问题。并指出韦氏智力量表Tellegen简式用法的使用错误问题。笔者认为:该文提出的观点由于概念上的模糊,对测验编制者编制目的的不甚了解,故他所指出的几个问题在不同程度上存在着错误,特撰文商榷。     

采用LLTM作测量与认知结合研究的初步探讨

心理测量学与认知心理学相结合是新型测验理论和测验设计的核心思想。这两者的结合需要理论证实的认知加工模型和基于现代测验理论之上的测量模型,本文以空间认知能力的加工过程为例,通过心理学的实证研究,探索了心理测量学与认知心理学相结合的切入点及理论模型。     

题目难度分布和样本容量对两种CTT等值结果的影响

基于经典测验理论(CTT)的等值方法主要有线性等值和等百分位等值两种。在不同情境下,不同的等值方法会产生不同的等值结果。本研究以真分数等值为依据,用蒙特卡洛模拟研究方法,综合比较了各种题目难度分布条件下和各种样本容量条件下两种CTT等值方法的等值结果。研究结果表明:(1)线性等值的误差受题目难度分布影响较大,等百分位等值的误差几乎不受题目难度分布影响。(2)线性等值的误差几乎不受样本容量的影响,等百分位等值的误差受样本容量影响较大。(3)不论题目难度分布如何,只要样本容量足够大,等百分位等值的效果都比线性等值更好。     

4～8年级学生几何类比推理问题解决认知诊断

认知诊断是一种新的测量范式,有助于人们更好地了解人类内部心理活动规律及其加工机制,实现对个体认知强项和弱项的诊断评估,该研究采用HO-DINA对4～8年级学生的几何类比推理能力进行诊断评估。结果表明:1)4～8年级的学生对几何类比推理问题的掌握情况比较良好,其中对属性A1和A4掌握的比较理想,对属性A2掌握的比较差。同时七个认知属性存在年级差异,六年级是学生几何类比推理能力发展的最快时期;2)学生所犯的认知错误主要以"0000000"、"1111011"、"0001000"、"1011111"和"1001110"五种认知错误为主,占总认知错误的44.55%,而这些错误与属性A2和A5有关。     

Uncovering the Effects of Awe on Meaning in Life

Journal of Happiness Studies - Research on awe and meaning in life (MIL) is rare. In the current research, we conducted a pre-registered study to examine how awe influences MIL from the perspective...     

计算机自适应测验在特质焦虑量表中的运用

将基于项目反应理论的计算机自适应测验运用于特质焦虑量表,考察这一测验形式在人格测量中所具有的特性.收集特质焦虑量表真实纸笔作答数据,选用合适的心理测量模型,模拟计算机自适应测验.结果表明：相对纸笔测验而言,计算机自适应测验的测试效率更高、对被试的分辨力更强、结果更直观.计算机自适应测验在人格测量中的实践值得进一步探索.     

Exercise mode and executive function in older adults: An ERP study of task-switching

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise mode and executive function and its effect on behavior and neuroelectric activity. Forty-eight older adults were classified into open-skill, closed-skill, and irregular exercise groups based on their experience of exercise participation. Executive function was measured via a task-switching paradigm, in which the behavioral indices and event-related potentials elicited by task-switching were assessed. The results revealed that the exercise groups, regardless of the exercise mode, exhibited faster reaction times in both global and local switches than the irregular exercise group, regardless of the within-task conditions. Similarly, larger P3 amplitudes were observed in both exercise groups compared to the irregular exercise group. Moreover, additional facilitation effects of open-skill exercises on global switch costs were observed, whereas no differences in local switch costs were found among the three groups. The results replicate previous studies that have reported generally improved executive function after participation in exercises; additionally, they extend the current knowledge by indicating that these cognitive improvements in specific aspects of executive function could also be obtained from open-skill exercises.     

When waiting to choose increases patience

We explore how waiting to choose influences patience. We propose that waiting to make an intertemporal choice increases the assumed value of the items for which people are waiting, leading them to become more patient. Five studies support this model. Study 1 finds that after waiting to choose, people exhibit greater patience than if they had not waited or before they had started to wait. Studies 2a and 2b find that increased valuation (rather than decreased cost of the wait) mediates the impact of waiting on patience. Study 3 further finds that whereas waiting to choose increases preference for a larger-later (over smaller-sooner) item, it also increases willingness to pay to expedite delivery of a single item. Finally, study 4 shows the waiting effect is stronger for hedonic than for utilitarian products. These studies modify existing theory by identifying the conditions under which waiting to choose can improve patience.     

Enhanced fatigue resistance of a nickel-based hastelloy induced by a surface nanocrystallization and hardening process

Improvements in the fatigue resistance of a nickel-based alloy have been achieved via a surface nanocrystallization and hardening (SNH) process. The enhanced fatigue resistance is related to the surface nanocrystallization, work hardening, and compressive residual stresses induced by the SNH process.