中学生图形推理认知特征诊断

在前人的研究基础上进行口语报告分析,形成图形推理的认知成分模型。引进多策略多成分潜在特质模型（MLTM for MS）将图形推理的认知成分模型与心理测量模型加以整合,对235名中学生图形推理认知特征进行诊断。结果发现：（1）图形推理总能力相同的被试,各成分对应能力即视知觉识别能力、规则构建能力、规则应用能力不一定相同。（2）被试使用知觉分析策略和分析策略的正确作答概率较高,而使用猜测策略的正确作答概率较低。     

道·人·史:《淮南子》的论治维度及思想史意义

《淮南子》以论“治”为全书主旨,而其论治又从“道”、“人”、“史”三个维度展开:其一,道为《淮南子》论治的基础,道有能治之功;其二,人为《淮南子》论治的中心,人有可治之性;其三,史为《淮南子》论治的起点,史有证治之用。其书对“道”、“人”、“史”概念的理解与使用,既体现了先秦思想资源的深切影响,也表明了汉初学术务实致用的倾向。     

中国残疾人就业政策的结构与扩展

残疾人就业受到国际性的普遍关注,其就业水平以及就业政策结构不仅是各国经济发展水平的标志之一,也是各国人权观念的体现.我国自八五期间起便开始系统关注残疾人就业问题,迄今已经形成了相对完整的残疾人就业政策体系.本文在客观描述我国近年来残疾人就业的市场格局与系统概括我国残疾人就业政策结构的基础上,考虑我国和谐社会发展以及残疾人就业的自身特殊性,借鉴国外实践,对我国残疾人就业政策的扩展进行了初步探讨.     

教师组织公民行为与学校效能的关系研究

采用自编教师组织公民行为问卷和我国台湾学者陈信君编制的学校效能问卷,对301名中小学教师进行问卷调查。结果表明：①高级职称教师的组织公民行为高于低级职称教师;②省一级学校教师的组织公民行为高于市一级学校教师,而市一级学校教师的组织公民行为高于区一级学校教师;③教师组织公民行为与学校效能之间存在着显著的正相关;④教师组织公民行为的学校认同、责任意识和利他行为因素对学校效能有着显著的预测作用。     

心理学实验研究的效果大小

从"心理学实验数据处理"的角度,我们可以把"效果大小"理解为"是指在心理学实验报告中反映‘自变量’对‘因变量’所产生的影响有多大的统计指标"。这一统计指标需要在掌握"虚无假设分布"和"备择假设分布"这两个抽样分布原理的基础上才能得以准确的理解,并因此知道我们在"对心理学实验数据处理过程中通过假设检验进行推断统计"之后报告研究结果时为什么需要使用这一指标。心理学实验数据处理过程中使用不同的检验方法具有与该方法相应的不同的效果大小指标,每一种检验方法也可以使用不同的指标来反映其实验处理的效果大小。对此,就"心理统计学"提到的四种主要假设检验方法所得推断结果应该使用何种"效果大小"指标更为合适提出了我们的建议。     

Neural changes in the ventral and dorsal visual streams during pattern recognition learning

The learning process related to pattern and object recognition is difficult to study because the human brain has a remarkable capacity to recognise complex visual forms from early infancy. In the present study, we investigated on-going neural changes underlying the learning process of visual pattern recognition by means of a device substituting audition for vision. Functional MRI evidenced the gradual pattern recognition-induced recruitment of the ventral visual stream, bilaterally, from learning session 1 to session 3, and a slight decrease in these activation foci from session 3 to session 4. The initial increase in activation is thought to reflect the gradually enhanced visualisation of patterns in the subjects' mind across sessions. By contrast the subsequent decrease reported at the end of the training period is interpreted as the progressive optimisation of neuronal responses elicited by the task. Our results, in accordance with previous observations, suggest that the succession of activation increase and decrease in sensori-motor areas could be a general rule in sensory and sensori-motor learning.     

不同复原类型贫困大学生人格的差异分析

心理复原力是指个体从困境或生活威胁性情境中维持身心功能健康的能力。为探讨不同复原类型中影响贫困大学生心理复原力的人格差异,该研究使用卡特尔16种个性因素测验、大学生心理复原量表对1658名贫困大学生进行随机调查。结果表明:1)贫困大学生具有较强的心理复原力,性别、年级的主效应及其交互效应不显著;2)贫困大学生的心理复原力可分为复原强型、中间型和弱型3类;3)在不同复原类型组贫困大学生中,预测心理复原力的特质和次级人格因子有所不同。心理复原的个体差异部分来自人格。     

Cognitive factors associated with depression and anxiety in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study

Background/Objective: To examine the roles of anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents. Method: 214 grade 7 to grade 10 Hong Kong Chinese students completed a package of psychometric inventories to measure levels of anxiety sensitivity, selective attentional processing, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2016 and then again in 2017. Results: Girls, when compared with boys, exhibited more anxiety symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in 2016. They also reported a significant increase in mean depression level from 2016 to 2017. Regression analyses revealed that the physical-concerns dimension of anxiety sensitivity, positive attentional bias, and to a lesser extent negative attentional bias were related to the development of both anxiety and depression symptoms one year later. Fear of mental incapacity could predict depression one year later but not anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Intervention through anxiety sensitivity training to reduce somatic concerns and attentional bias modification to increase habitual attention to positive stimuli and to disengage from negative stimuli can reduce anxiety and depression symptoms among high school students.