村民自治伦理价值追求的困境与超越

村民自治的良性实施是社会转型期农村实现和谐安定的重要支撑力量.从伦理学的角度看,村民自治应当依据自治的原则和规范,形成自身的伦理规范与约束机制,实现人的自由发展,从而最终达到维系乡村伦理秩序和谐之目的.顺利实现村民的自治伦理价值追求与乡村的稳定有序应正视多重现实困境.如,村民与村庄关系的不协调,村民与自由和秩序的冲突矛盾存在,最后导致村庄无法达到自由和秩序的统一.超越村民自治伦理价值追求困境的根本路径,在于从发展集体经济、依从基层法治、均衡分配利益、加快村民教育四个层面最终达到村民与村庄、自由与秩序四者之间的动态平衡与良性互动,实现四者的彼此结合与统一.     

真实的道德冲突对个体道德成长的意义

个体的道德成长是在不断解决道德冲突的过程中逐步实现的。个体道德成长应该面向真实,接触真实,向真实发问,而并不仅仅是通过虚拟情景下简单的道德选择模拟实现。真实的道德冲突及其选择对个体道德成长的意义,集中表现在主体在道德选择的过程中和道德实践的基础上,主体的道德认识、道德情感、道德意志、道德信念都得到了具体实在的检验和升华,实现了道德选择和道德行为的统一。在真实的道德情境中恰当的设置道德冲突,才能真正促进个体道德的成长。     

Modulating the phonological similarity effect: The contribution of interlist similarity and lexicality

The classical phonological similarity effect (PSE) was studied with words and nonwords in two immediate serial recall (ISR) tasks. The relative contributions of intralist and interlist interference were compared, and differential effects on item and order memory were observed. PSE occurred with words and was reversed with nonwords. In addition, PSE was modulated by interlist similarity, which enhanced recall of rhyme items and impaired recall of distinct items. Finally, interlist similarity reduced item recall of words, whereas it improved serial recall of nonwords. The latter finding rules out the hypothesis that the reverse PSE for nonwords is due to interlist interference. It is concluded that two opposing effects of phonological intralist similarity cause the interaction between PSE and lexicality in ISR. With words, the positive effect on item recall is usually masked by a much more disruptive effect on position accuracy. With nonwords, however, the positive effect often masks the negative one. These findings are discussed in relation to current models of verbal short-term memory.     

The Origins of Hopelessness Among Inner-City African-American Adolescents

Much has been written in recent years about hopelessness among residents of impoverished inner-city neighborhoods, but little research has been conducted on the origins of hopelessness. The literature on social disorganization and the literature on child development independently suggest two possible causes of hopelessness among adolescents: disruptive events and lack of connectedness to people and institutions. We explore these two factors as predictors of hopelessness for 5895 youths living in impoverished inner-city neighborhoods in Mobile, Alabama. The longitudinal data for this study allow us to explore the development of hopelessness over time, predicted by prior levels of disruption and connectedness. The results show that over time several variables associated with disruption (Change in Mother Figure, Exposure to Violence, Traumatic Stress, Worry) and connectedness (Sense of Community, Warmth Toward Mother, Religiosity) are positively or negatively associated with increased feelings of hopelessness among inner-city adolescents.     

压力应对的性别差异及相关的生物学机制

人类对压力的反应不管是在生理上还是在行为上均是以“争斗或逃避”为特征的。然而,男女在行为反应的方式上则有不同,成年女性对后代的关爱及哺育行为,可以保证自己和后代的安全,减少困扰;并在形成和维系社交网的过程中起着辅助作用。关爱与协助方式的内在生物行为学核心机制在于催产素、内啡呔及性激素的调节。这一机制能够解释早期未能解决的压力调节系统,并为以后的压力研究提供了广阔的前景。     

社交网站中的自拍对友谊质量的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

探讨社交网站中的自拍与友谊质量的关系,及线上积极反馈和外倾性在二者关系中的作用机制.采用社交网站中的自拍、线上积极反馈、友谊质量和外倾性量表对490名大学生进行问卷调查.结果 表明:(1)社交网站中的自拍显著正向预测大学生的友谊质量;(2)社交网站中的自拍通过线上积极反馈影响大学生友谊质量的后半段路径受外倾性的调节,具...     

根据认识规律理解药理学的发展简史

药理学是一门古老而年轻的学科,与人类历史一道发展,产生的历史事件浩如烟海.本文根据药理学的定义,从认识论的角度,以标志性历史事件将药理学的发展阶段划分为五个阶段.这五个阶段的划分有利于药理学工作者从总体上理解药理学的发展简史,把握其发展规律.     

融入心理学技术的医患沟通技能实践课程初探

随着医学模式的转变,对医学生的医患沟通技能提出了更高的要求,传统的教学模式已不能满足学生的需要,基于心理学知识背景,提出了融入心理学技术的医患沟通实践课程新体系,以“角色扮演”法为主要教学载体,以团体活动为主要教学形式,进行了初步的课程教学探索.     

两种训练方法对幼儿在园欺负行为的影响

该研究为了减少幼儿在园欺负行为,采用情境讨论法、角色扮演法对36名中班幼儿和39名大班幼儿的欺负行为进行为期一个月的训练.结果发现:角色扮演法和情境讨论法对减少幼儿的在园欺负行为都产生了一定的影响,但角色扮演法对幼儿在园欺负行为的影响效果显著,而情境讨论法的影响效果不显著,同时这两种训练方法的影响效果之间无显著性差异;训练对中班和大班幼儿的欺负行为都起到了一定的矫正作用,中班幼儿的在园欺负行为下降水平略高于大班幼儿,但并没有达到显著性差异;训练对减少中班男生和大班女生的在园欺负行为更有效果.     

污染效应在消费者行为领域的表现及其心理机制

随着健康问题越来越受到消费者的重视, 学者们对污染效应的研究和兴趣也与日俱增, 特别是在消费者的感知和偏好方面。在消费者行为研究中, 污染效应是指消费者会降低对他人接触过产品的感知价值。本研究主要回顾了在消费行为中污染效应的定义和特性, 然后从接触因素、位置因素、产品因素和社会因素等方面来探讨污染效应的前因, 并进一步归纳了污染效应对消费者行为的消极影响和积极影响。最后, 探讨了污染效应的理论基础和边界条件。在此基础上, 对污染效应在消费者行为领域的未来研究方向进行了展望。