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线索在多媒体学习中作为一种重要的教学设计形式,具有引导注意、组织和整合信息的功能。综述已有研究发现,线索具有引导学习者加工特定位置信息、忽视无关信息干扰的功能;在特定条件下帮助学习者整合图-文信息,并且提高学习者的学习效果;但对于线索信息组织功能尚缺少充分而有力的证据。关于线索对学习效果的影响,大部分研究证实线索能够促进学习。但是由于线索的多样性以及学习材料的复杂性,线索能否有效地提高学习效果仍然存在争议。从认知负荷理论视角综述发现,线索加入并没有明显降低学习者感知到的主观认知负荷;从知觉加工视角而言,线索作为突显的刺激会吸引学习者的注意,从而简化学习者在知觉加工阶段的视觉搜索。未来研究仍然需要关注以下问题:(1)线索是否真的被学习者所注意和加工?(2)重视学习材料多样性比较和不同线索类型差异探讨,(3)关注学习者经验影响,(4)如何在教学设计上保证线索的有效性。 相似文献
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Three studies, covering together the age range from 3 to 16 years, show the relationships between age, short-term memory span, and language abilities. The growth of the traditional memory span in childhood is systematically related to a concomitant growth of language abilities as tested with CELF-3 Screening, two tests of word knowledge, a test of reception of grammar (TROG-2), and the British Picture Vocabulary Test (BPVS). Linear regression and ANCOVA analyses show that the growth of memory span is fully explained by the growth of language abilities in the three studies that covered different subsamples of children. In a confirmatory factor analysis a two-factor model fits the data well and shows that a “crystallised” language factor is strongly related to age, whereas a “fluid” short-term memory factor is unrelated to age. The two-factor model gives support to Baddeley's multicomponent model of working memory, and the current data suggest that the capacity of the phonological store is fully developed in children younger than 4 years old. The authors hold that chunking capacity, highly dependent on language abilities, is a major source of memory span growth with age. Rather than an increase in the number of chunks, or episodes retained in short-term memory (=chunk span), it is argued that childhood memory span development reflects an increase in the size of each chunk (=chunking capacity). 相似文献
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明清商人伦理形成之内在冲突及其特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
明清商人在传统儒家伦理化和制度歧视的历史背景下,有着自己内在的心理冲突,正是这种内在冲突促使明清商人形成了其特有的伦理特点及其伦理的历史命运,这对当前中国转型期间的经济伦理建设亦有借鉴意义。 相似文献
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SCI是当前高校和科研院所进行科技评价的重要指标之一,分析了其在地方医学院校中的应用、作用及忽视科研成果、学科和人才类型多样性的问题,导致了论文低质化和管理简单化的后果。特别是从地方医学院校建设发展的角度,探讨了SCI作为基础研究评价指标之一的合理性,作为科技成果多元化评价指标之一的可行性,作为人才分类评价指标之一的现实性,及其与学校建设发展关系的辩证性和科学性。为高校特别是地方医学院校科学合理地应用SCI进行科技评价和人才评价提供参考。 相似文献
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This article explores the experiences of families that have sent struggling adolescents to therapeutic wilderness programs. We employ a modified case study approach, in which we, the participants, are also observers of the experiences of our entire families. The article begins by explaining what wilderness therapy is and offering an overview of research that has examined the effectiveness of therapeutic wilderness programs. We delineate the process of seeking, selecting and participating in wilderness therapy as well as the role of an educational consultant in facilitating this. We describe our experiences from (1) the time we realized and accepted that our children were struggling and suffering to (2) considering sending our children to wilderness therapy to (3) the stresses of the decision making process to (4) what the experience was like for us including participating in a parent workshop to (5) planning the next steps and discharge, and finally to (6) seeing and living the results over the next few years. Areas of growth and struggle are noted. Our children’s perspectives on our families’ development over time and the interactions among us are also discussed. 相似文献
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企业的自主创新离不开员工的自发性和创造性, 员工建言行为研究因此愈加受到重视。本研究拟探索中国背景下企业员工建言行为的结构(研究一), 并检验中国人的典型思维特征-中庸思维与中国背景建言行为的关系(研究二)。研究一通过对长三角地区30名企业员工的访谈提取建言行为关键事件, 编制初始问卷, 再通过对159名被试的探索性因素分析, 抽取出顾全大局式和自我冒进式两个建言行为维度; 另一批159名被试的验证性因素分析结果进一步证实了该结构。研究二以278份配对员工为样本, 层次回归分析结果表明, 中庸思维与顾全大局式建言存在正相关, 与自我冒进式建言存在负相关, 且授权对中庸思维与两类建言行为之间关系存在着调节作用。 相似文献
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本研究基于双元孝道模型和病理性互联网使用的认知行为模型,考察双元孝道信念对网络成瘾的影响,并检验非适应性认知的中介作用。以1152名大学生为被试,采用双元孝道信念量表、非适应性认知量表和网络成瘾量表进行测试,结果发现:(1)互惠性孝道和非适应性认知显著负相关,和网络成瘾显著负相关;权威性孝道和非适应性认知显著正相关,和网络成瘾显著正相关;非适应性认知和网络成瘾显著正相关;(2)非适应性认知在孝道信念与网络成瘾之间起中介作用。具体而言,互惠性孝道负向影响非适应性认知,权威性孝道正向影响非适应性认知,非适应性认知正向影响网络成瘾。本研究的结果表明,根植于中国传统文化的孝道信念通过非适应性认知的中介作用影响网络成瘾;而且互惠性孝道和权威性孝道具有相反的作用。 相似文献