Athletic Action as Creativity

ABSTRACT Describing an action theory of creativity, this paper introduces a time variable conception of incubation, and discusses the role of competition in creativity, the importance of awareness as preconscious functioning, the relationship of ego-strength to this functioning, a calisthenic-non-calisthenic continuum and its relevance to athletic creativity, and group creativity in athletics. Suggestions are made for encouraging preconscious functioning in athletics and physical education programs. The significance of a focus on the development of non-intellectual awareness as an essential component for creativity is indicated.     

A JOB SAMPLING APPROACH TO MERIT SYSTEM EXAMINING1

The application of content validity to a merit examining process or rating schedule requires an extension of the concept beyond that of work samples and tests of knowledges or skills to measures of ability and personal characteristics. A method for accomplishing this without violating the principles of content validity is presented. This technique, called the job sampling approach, is a task-based, structured system of eliciting the information necessary to construct the rating schedule from sources most able to provide that information and for using the information to construct the rating schedule and linking it to job performance. The steps include: definition of the performance domain of the job in terms of process statements; identification of the selection and measurement objectives of the organization; development of the measurement domain in relation to the performance domain and to the selection and measurement objectives; and demonstration that a close match between the performance domain and the measurement domain was in fact achieved.     

Social Interest,Running, and Life Adjustment

High social interest persons and runners reported significantly higher life adjustment scores than did low social interest persons and nonrunners. The interaction effect, however, was not significant.     

'Wholly Present' Defined

Three‐dimensionalists, sometimes referred to as endurantists, think that objects persist through time by being “wholly present” at every time they exist. But what is it for something to be wholly present at a time? It is surprisingly difficult to say. the three‐dimensionalist is free, of course, to take ‘is wholly present at’ as one of her theory's primitives, but this is problematic for at least one reason: some philosophers claim not to understand her primitive. Clearly the three‐dimensionalist would be better off if she could state her theory in terms accessible to all. We think she can. What is needed is a definition of ‘is wholly present at’ that all can understand, in this paper, we offer one.     

Defining and Assessing Problem‐Solving Style: Design and Development of a New Tool

VIEW: An Assessment of Problem Solving Style (Selby, Treffinger, & Isaksen, 2002) is a new instrument for assessing problem‐solving style, for use with individuals from ages 12 through adult. It measures three dimensions of style relating to creative problem solving and change management. In this article, we discuss the construction of the instrument, the initial evidence supporting the instrument's reliability and validity, and a very brief overview of the instrument's foundations. Our reliability data involve both stability and internal consistency. We report evidence for the criterion‐related validity, based on correlational studies with relevant measures of learning style, cognitive style, and psychological type. We also conducted principal components factor analyses that support our three‐factor structure. Researchers and practitioners studying and applying Creative Problem Solving and change management methods can use VIEW in several ways. Finally, we identify several research directions that will contribute to the refinement and development of the instrument as well as to a better understanding of the “problem‐solving style” construct.