SEX DIFFERENCES IN STORY RECEIPT AND STORY SEQUENCING BEHAVIORS IN DYADIC CONVERSATIONS

Recordings of 30-minute dyadic conversations between strangers were coded for the frequency of occurrence of 11 story receipt and eight story sequencing variables, for the duration of all storytellings, and for the frequency of occurrence of story sequences. Analysis of the data indicated that (1) females spent significantly more time than males as the recipients of storytelling; (2) males and females differed significantly on a linear combination of five story receipt variables (displays interest tokens, appreciates, adds or predicts details, withholds sequential talk, and withholds all talk at story's end); (3) there were no significant differences between males and females in the number of sequential stories told; (4) females and males differed significantly on a linear combination of two story sequencing devices, embedded repeat and marked repeat.     

On Being Happy or Unhappy1

The psychological condition of being happy is best understood as a matter of a person's emotional condition. I elucidate the notion of an emotional condition by introducing two distinctions concerning affect, and argue that this “emotional state” view is probably superior on intuitive and substantive grounds to theories that identify happiness with pleasure or life satisfaction. Life satisfaction views, for example, appear to have deflationary consequences for happiness’ value. This would make happiness an unpromising candidate for the central element in a theory of well‐being, as it is in L. W. Sumner's work. Yet on an emotional state conception, happiness may prove to be a key constituent of well‐being. the emotional state view also makes happiness less vulnerable to common doubts about the importance of happiness, and indicates that mood states are more important for well‐being than is generally recognized.

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Religiosity and Adolescent Narcissism: Implications for Values Counseling

The authors show that the distinctive character of values counseling as a therapeutic intervention can be justified on empirical grounds. The fact that religiosity has been consistently associated with positive mental health outcomes is a warrant for counselors to explore the resources of one's religious tradition for therapeutic change. The authors also argue that pastoral counseling is particularly suited for addressing the ego development needs of adolescents and that the vicissitudes of adolescent narcissism can be effectively mobilized to support self-transcendence and relational autonomy, tasks that have both developmental and religious significance.     

Attachment and expectations about future relationships: Moderation by accessibility

This article examined the relationship between internal working models of self and other (Bowlby, 1969) and expectations for satisfaction in a future relationship, and how that relationship is moderated by the accessibility of one's internal models. Study one showed that the model of self was predictive of expected satisfaction, but the model of other was not. In study two, the results of study one were replicated. However, using a reaction time task to measure the chronic accessibility of internal models, it was shown that the relationship between model of self and expected satisfaction existed only for people with highly accessible internal models. The implications of these findings for a more cognitive view of attachment-processes is discussed.     

THE IMPACT OF APPEAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE ON DISCIPLINARY DECISIONS

This article examines how the evaluation of disciplinary appeals in nonunion organizations is affected by the use of procedural guidelines. Data were collected from 142 managers in a simulation study designed to assess the impact of procedures that are common within arbitration and judicial systems but less common within non-union appeal systems. Procedures which allowed decision makers to evaluate the reasonableness of the disciplinary rule, which specified a stringent standard of proof, and which restricted the availability of work history information significantly increased the likelihood of affirmative responses to disciplinary appeals. It was also found that the effect of the standard of proof guideline significantly increased when the evidence against the employee was weak. The implications of these findings for the design of appeal systems and for future research are discussed.     

The perception of collative properties in visual stimuli

Two experiments were conducted to determine how quickly subjects respond to collative properties (e. g., Complexity, Uncertainty) of visual stimuli. In Experiment 1 subjects were presented with reproductions of paintings and artificial patterns which varied in collative properties (e. g., Uncertainty, Redundancy). Subjects were able to discriminate these properties on related verbal scales after only a single glance (50 msec) as well as after multiple glances (500 and 5000 msec). In Experiment 2 subjects were presented with pairs of paintings and patterns differing along collative dimensions (e. g., High versus Low Uncertainty) in an exploratory choice paradigm. The results show that for exploratory choice subjects were particularly sensitive to unity or order after only a single glance (50 msec) and to diversity or complexity after multiple glances (500 and 5 000 msec). In general, the data for the single glance condition are consistent with theories which attribute holistic processing to the initial phase of perception.     

A Lesson from the Physicists

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