Rod involvement in peripheral color processing

Abstract.— It has previously been suggested that rods act as blue receptors in peripheral color vision. Two experiments examining this issue were conducted. Experiment 1 investigated the perceived hue of a test light presented at a luminance level above chromatic threshold. At 8° in the periphery, the 500 nm test light was perceived as more blue under conditions of dark adaptation than after light adaptation. Similar differences were not found for foveal presentation. The increased blue in the periphery after dark adaptation was attributed to a rod contribution. In Experiment 2 an attempt was made to mix a rod contribution obtained with a 470 nm light below chromatic threshold, with a cone color obtained from a 670 nm light presented above chromatic threshold. No evidence was obtained to support the idea that a blue produced by rods stimulated below chromatic threshold could mix with a red produced by cones stimulated above chromatic threshold. The results are discussed in terms of a rod contribution to hue which is dependent on the luminance level of short wavelength stimulation.     

Can Counselor Trainees Apply Their Skills in Actual Client Interviews?

The authors compared a skill-based training method (Carkhuff's human relations development model) with a conceptual-based training method by measuring (a) trainees' skill application in actual client interviews and (b) client outcomes. Participants were 14 male and 34 female master's degree trainees. Counseling skills were measured by rating segments of audiotaped sessions with field placement clients. Interrater reliabilities of .94 and above were achieved. A self-report instrument measured client outcome. Although the groups did not differ in responding skills at pretest, the skill-based group exhibited greater skill application in client interviews and superior client outcome ratings at posttest. Results support the use of skill-based training methods to increase trainees' skill application in applied settings.     

Perceptions of Losses in the Later Years

In times of need older adults frequently seek help from service providers of religious organizations. A survey of 983 older adults and 447 service providers from religious organizations revealed that the perceptions of the service providers differ significantly from the perceptions of the older adults regarding the seriousness of losses experienced in the later years. Results of the study suggest new opportunities for older adults to become proactive and for service providers to examine preservice and in-service education.     

Career Counseling With Handicapped Persons

This article presents a comprehensive overview of the career counseling process for handicapped persons, with emphasis on developmental differences, assessment techniques, occupational information and exploration, and job placement techniques.