“亲亲相隐”与“隐而任之”

<正>最近学术界围绕"亲亲相隐"的问题,引发了一场如何认识、评价儒家伦理的讨论,涉及到如何看待血缘亲情,以及孔孟等儒者是如何处理血缘亲情与仁义普遍原则的关系等一系列问题。(参见郭齐勇主编,2004年;2011年)对此,学者已发表了不少高见,澄清了一些问题。但总体上看,该次讨论更多的是一场"立场之争"而非"学术之争"。其实对于"亲亲相隐"这一复杂的学术问题,     

Roles of hippocampal GABA(A) and muscarinic receptors in consolidation of context memory and context-shock association in contextual fear conditioning: a double dissociation study

Contextual fear conditioning involves forming a context representation and associating it to a shock, both of which involved the dorsal hippocampus (DH) according to our recent findings. This study tested further whether the two processes may rely on different neurotransmitter systems in the DH. Male Wistar rats with cannula implanted into the DH were subjected to a two-phase training paradigm of contextual fear conditioning to separate context learning from context-shock association in two consecutive days. Immediately after each training phase, different groups of rats received bilateral intra-DH infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol, 5HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT, NMDA antagonist APV or muscarinic antagonist scopolamine at various doses. On the third day, freezing behavior was tested in the conditioning context. Results showed that intra-DH infusion of muscimol impaired conditioned freezing only if it was given after context learning. In contrast, scopolamine impaired conditioned freezing only if it was given after context-shock training. Posttraining infusion of 8-OH-DPAT or APV had no effect on conditioned freezing when the drug was given at either phase. These results showed double dissociation for the hippocampal GABAergic and cholinergic systems in memory consolidation of contextual fear conditioning: forming context memory required deactivation of the GABA(A) receptors, while forming context-shock memory involved activation of the muscarinic receptors.     

Driver performance effects of simultaneous visual and cognitive distraction and adaptation behavior

Driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety due to increasing use of infotainment systems in vehicles. To reduce safety risks, it is crucial to understand how fundamental aspects of distracting activities affect driver behavior at different levels of vehicle control. This study used a simulator-based experiment to assess the effects of visual, cognitive and simultaneous distraction on operational (braking, accelerating) and tactical (maneuvering) control of vehicles. Twenty drivers participated in the study and drove in lead-car following or passing scenarios under four distraction conditions: without distraction, with visual distraction, with cognitive distraction, and with simultaneous distraction. Results revealed higher perceived workload for passing than following. Simultaneous distraction was most demanding and also resulted in the greatest steering errors among distraction conditions during both driving tasks. During passing, drivers also appeared to slow down their responses to secondary distraction tasks as workload increased. Visual distraction was associated with more off-road glances (to an in-vehicle device) and resulted in high workload. Longer headway times were also observed under visual distraction, suggesting driver adaptation to the workload. Similarly, cognitive distraction also increased driver workload but this demand did not translate into steering errors as high as for visual distraction. In general, findings indicate that tactical control of a vehicle demands more workload than operational control. Visual and cognitive distractions both increase driver workload, but they influence vehicle control and gaze behavior in different ways.     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人健康信念量表的编制

编制适合中国社会文化特点的成年人健康信念量表。根据健康信念对心理健康影响的大量研究结果,确定健康信念量表包括合理性和可控性两个维度的理论构想;通过访谈相关医务工作者以及在心理学专家中征集项目的方式形成初始问卷,并通过预测筛选,确定量表的最终项目。对天津市387名大学生、事业单位职员、公务员和农民工进行正式施测,检验量表的各项心理测量学指标。结果：健康信念量表包括两个维度,分别是可控性和合理性,量表具有良好的重测信度、内部一致信度、结构效度、内容效度以及校标关联效度。结论：健康信念量表具备令人满意的心理测量     

Derivation of strain hardening in cyclic loading from that in tensile loading

The micromechanical model of extrusion formation in a single crystal under stress-controlled loading in high-cycle fatigue is reviewed. In the present letter, the microstress and strain fields of a single crystal under a high-amplitude fatigue are calculated by the boundary element method. Based on Schmidt's law, the resolved shear stress to activate or to cause the continuation of slip in a slip system is taken to depend on the amount of slip in that system. The cyclic strain hardening is calculated from the experimental tensile stress-strain curve. This calculated cyclic strain hardening is compared with the experimental cyclic hardening. Good agreement is shown.     

多因素特质内隐联想测验(MFT-IAT)在多维度自我概念内隐测量中的应用

运用多因素特质内隐联想测验(MFT-IAT),对田纳西自我概念五个维度的内隐效应进行了测量。结果表明:(1)田纳西自我概念五个维度均表现出了显著的内隐效应,自我概念的内隐效应表现为与他人相比,个体与积极词语的联结更为紧密;(2)MFT-IAT可以有效地测量多维度自我概念的内隐效应。     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人应对风格量表的编制

编制适用于我国成年人使用的应对风格量表。通过对应对风格研究的文献分析,将应对风格量表确定为注重问题的应对策略和注重情绪的应对策略两个维度,编写项目43个,通过对410和379人的大学生样本的两次预测分析,形成由33个项目的正式量表。通过对467人的成年人样本和来自大学生的三组样本的实测,考察量表的各项心理测量学指标。结果表明,应对风格量表具有较好的内部一致性信度和重测信度,也具有较好的结构效度、内容效度、聚合效度和效标效度。中国成年人应对风格量表具有可靠的心理测量学特征,可以被用于中国成年人应对风格的评估     

多层次格式塔双向加工模型:汉字输入中形码的认知加工机制*

采用2(笔画数:多笔画、少笔画)×2(结构特征:构型对称、构型非对称)×4(频级:4级)三因素的被试内设计,通过分析29名有效被试的平均反应时和平均正确率来探讨纵横码认知加工的规律,从而揭示汉字输入中形码的认知加工模型,结果发现:(1)形码的认知加工没有显现出笔画效应、频率效应,说明其基本加工单元与汉字知觉的基本加工单元不同。(2)在反应时上存在形码码数的差异,码数少的反应时显著快于码数多的,系列加工的方式非常明显。(3)结构效应显著,且错误码识别的平均反应时显著更慢,而平均正确率更低,符合多层次格式塔双向加工模型的假设。     

基于“相关线索-自动化用药行为”联结的成瘾记忆消退

成瘾记忆消退致力于消除成瘾者相关线索与药物奖赏效应的联结,以达到消除心理渴求、戒断成瘾行为的目的,但其效果还十分有限。最近,大量的动物和人类实验研究发现:在相关线索下,成瘾者的激活脑区不仅包括中脑边缘皮层-背内侧纹状体,还延伸到感觉运动脑区-背外侧纹状体。这意味着成瘾记忆中存在相关线索与自动化(习惯性)用药行为的联结。所以,与成瘾相关的记忆可能包含两种不同的成分:一是与药物奖赏效应相关的情绪记忆,另一种是与用药动作、技能有关的动作记忆(程序记忆)。由于在成瘾阶段,药物奖赏效应对药物使用和复发的作用已经相对减少,因此,针对成瘾记忆的消退训练,以相关线索与自动化用药行为的联结为标靶,可能可以取得更好的效果,值得做进一步的深入探索。     

动物创造创新:最简单的智慧闪光

动物创造力既有重要的生态和进化意义,也为人类创造力的研究提供了借鉴与启发。文章首先概括了近年学者们对动物创造力的定义;其次介绍了动物创造力理论的变化;重点总结了影响动物创造力的内部因素,分别是动物的探索性、新异恐惧、学习能力和坚持性,随后针对动物创造力不同脑区及相关神经递质的研究进行了展开讨论,并对动物创造力未来的研究方向进行了展望。