历史·现实·历史观——五四运动及其评价的反思

我国思想界纪念五四运动七十周年的学术活动,是八十年代中期以来文化研究热潮的继续。它强化了“文化热”一开始就显示出来的巨大现实感:力图从现实出发去回顾历史,从对历史的重新解释和评价中寻求解决当代改革和现代化难题的答案,以便确立新的起点。这个事实本身正好说明:不论持什么观点都无法否认五四运动的历史地位及其对今天和明天的深远意义。     

论系统与环境

系统与环境的关系问题,是历代哲学家都十分关注的一个问题。在这个问题上,众说纷纭、学说林立。系统作为一定的有组织整体,它必然处于一定外部环境之中,与一定的外部环境之间具有着特定的关系。一般来讲,系统与环境间的关系问题,实际上就是我们所研究的对象与围绕它的各类条件间的关系问题。本文从现代系统科学的角度,对于环境、系统以及它们的关系,作一种新的哲学探讨。     

圣女贞德小传

圣女贞德是世界各国久已闻名的女英雄,她的事迹也已出现在我国的中学教科书中。然而,圣女贞德的价值并不就是一个“花木兰”或者“穆桂英”,她的事迹带有很多的宗教信息,可以帮助读者对宗教信仰加以反思,增进热诚。可惜,圣女贞德的传记在国内并不多见。本书虽不是洋洋大著,却比较完整地介绍了圣女的事迹,而且客观地反映了她的宗教精神,及事件本身的神秘性。作者克里斯蒂娜·费雷伊拉(Christine Ferreira)是近代法国女作家。近代人的著作当能公正客观,从而具有相当的说服力。本书文笔清新,译文尽量保持其风格。谨向读者推荐,并祈求圣女贞德作我们青年一代的主保,望大家学习其精神。     

课堂教学动态系统的心理因素结构分析及其评价研究——多目标矩阵变换数学模型和计算机程序

本项研究通过回顾班级授课制的历史和发展,在广泛搜集资料和运用特尔斐法的基础上,把课堂教学体系看成一个动态系统,从而得出较合理的课堂教学子系统和因素,并据此建立了课堂教学系统的心理结构模式。将该模式应用于62名教师的课堂教学中,把所得数据输入电腩,输出对系统、子系统和因素三个层次的评价,结果较为理想。     

黑龙江省心理学会第四届代表大会及学术会议在哈尔滨召开

黑龙江省心理学会第四届代表大会及学术会议于一九八八年十月四日至八日在哈尔滨市召开。会议的主要议程是:改选理事会,发展新会员、进行论文交流、评选优秀论文等。参加会议的代表120人,黑龙江省科协副主席张洪恩同志、学会部部长闵士忠同志出席了会议,会议收到论文124篇,论著6部,涉及教育、     

A quantitative analysis of chain-schedule performance

Six pigeons were trained with a chain variable-interval variable-interval schedule on the left key and with reinforcers available on the right key on a single variable-interval schedule arranged concurrently with both links of the chain. All three schedules were separately and systematically varied over a wide range of mean intervals. During these manipulations, the obtained reinforcer rates on constant arranged schedules also frequently changed systematically. Increasing reinforcer rates in Link 2 of the chain increased response rates in both links and decreased response rates in the variable-interval schedule concurrently available with Link 2. Increasing Link-1 reinforcer rates increased Link-1 response rates and decreased Link-2 response rates. Increasing reinforcer rates on the right-key schedule decreased response rates in Link 1 of the chain but did not affect the rate in Link 2. The results extend and amplify previous analyses of chain-schedule performance and help define the effects that a quantitative model must describe. However, the complexity of the results, and the fact that constant arranged reinforcer schedules did not necessarily lead to constant obtained reinforcer rates, precluded a quantitative analysis.     

Form and exploration of mechanical stability limits in erect stance

The stability limits of erect stance are described as a geometrical structure in a movement space. Mechanical properties and response latency, a neural property, are determining factors for the stability limits. Standing stability limits of adults and young children are compared, and a simple scheme is suggested by means of which infants can discover the stability limits as they learn to stand. The mechanics of different standing movements are discussed because their spatial temporal properties relate directly to their different stability limits. The combination of the stability limits for different movements gives a total set of stability limits, a different structure for adults than for children.     

Visual fixation and postural sway in children

Adults are able to use a visual target to reduce quiet-standing postural sway (Lee & Lishman, 1975). The present study was designed to determine whether children, under varying postural conditions, are also able to use a visual target to reduce postural sway. A second purpose was to determine the ability of children to visually fixate under different postural conditions. An inability to visually fixate may limit the usefulness of a visual target. The results indicate that, like adults, children are able to reduce sway in the presence of a visual target. Young children are less able than older children and adults to visually fixate. In addition, children show more spontaneous visual saccades in the no-target condition than in the target condition and more saccades in the Romberg stance than in a feet-together stance. The fact that saccades decrease with increasing age, even in the seated, head-stabilized condition, precludes the possibility that increased instability of the young children is the only cause of increased number of saccades.     

The role of propulsive muscles of the shoulder during quadrupedalism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for neural control of locomotion in primates

In comparative anatomical studies of the shoulder, the humeral retractors are often grouped together as propulsive muscles, which are important in the propulsive stroke of the forelimb during quadrupedal locomotion. Electromyographic (EMG) analyses of these muscles in opossums, cats, and dogs in general have confirmed such conclusions. An EMG study of chimpanzee shoulder muscles during knuckle-walking found, however, that the humeral retractors are either inactive or perform a function unrelated to propulsion (Larson & Stern, 1987). This contrast in muscle recruitment patterns between chimpanzees and more "typical" mammalian quadrupeds was attributed to the derived morphology of the chimpanzee shoulder. The present study examines the activity patterns of the humeral retractors in the vervet monkey, a primate more closely resembling nonprimate mammals in its shoulder morphology. The results of this EMG analysis show that despite the significant differences in anatomy between chimpanzees and vervets, the two species display very similar muscle recruitment patterns during quadrupedalism, and there is evidence for this same pattern in other species of primates. These differences in muscle activity patterns between primates and nonprimate mammals may be related to changes in the neurological control of locomotion in primates due to the evolutionary development of manipulative abilities in the primate forelimb.