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281.
Whissell C 《Psychological reports》2006,99(3):835-850
The Old English saga Beowulf was studied in translation with the help of the Dictionary of Affect in Language which quantifies the emotional connotations of words. Statistically significant differences in Pleasantness and Activation were evident across segments of the poem. A model was developed to represent the wave-like flow of Pleasantness and Activation through the Beowulf saga. Analyses identified a meta-structure whose climax was the second adventure (the killing of Grendel's mother). Data from three different translations and data representing the meter and orthography of the original poem provided convergent construct validity for the model. 相似文献
282.
Davidson H Evans S Ganote C Henrickson J Jacobs-Priebe L Jones DL Prilleltensky I Riemer M 《American journal of community psychology》2006,38(1-2):35-49
Although critical scholarship and community psychology share similar aspirations, the links between them remain unexplored and under-theorized. In this article we explore the implications of critical scholarship in various specialties for the field of community psychology. To understand the contributions of critical scholarship to a theory of power and action for social change, we conducted a systematic analysis of a ten-year period of publications in seven journals associated with the critical scholarship tradition. We created precise criteria for the concepts of power and action and applied them to the publications. Results indicate an interesting paradox at play. Whereas community psychology is more action oriented than critical scholarship, its actions fall short of challenging institutionalized power structures and the status quo; and whereas critical scholarship is more challenging of the status quo than community psychology in theory, it has failed to produce viable actions that challenge the status quo. We discuss the implications of this state of affairs for the development of a more critical community psychology. 相似文献
283.
This research was conducted to explore the impact of assimilation and differentiation needs on content-specific self-stereotyping. According to optimal distinctiveness theory (M. B. Brewer, 1991), social identities serve the function of satisfying individuals' need for assimilation (in-group inclusion) and their need for differentiation (distinctiveness from others). It was proposed that one of the ways optimal social identities are maintained is through self-stereotyping. In 3 studies, the needs for assimilation and differentiation were experimentally manipulated, and support was found for increased self-stereotyping in response to heightened need arousal across both self-report and behavioral measures and across different social groups. Results also demonstrated that only those participants who were highly identified with their in-group were willing to engage in negative self-stereotyping. 相似文献
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Mehringer AM Downey KK Schuh LM Pomerleau CS Snedecor SM Schbiner H 《Journal of attention disorders》2002,5(4):223-231
A brief self-rating scale, the Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention (AHA), was developed and validated using a "gold standard" DSM-based semi-structured interview. The sample consisted of 101 smokers (74% male, 73% Caucasian)-38.6% with no DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis, 10.9% with a childhood diagnosis only, and 50.5% with an adult diagnosis (requiring childhood diagnosis as well). The mean age SD was 33.7 9.7; participants smoked a mean of 19.0 5.6 cigarettes/day. Results indicate that the AHA has utility as a screening tool and as a self-report assessment of ADHD with sensitivity of .80, specificity of .60, positive predictive power of .67, negative predictive power of .75, kappa of .40, odds ratio of 6.15, and an area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic analysis) of .79. Given the high rate of ADHD among smokers, the AHA may be useful in identifying smokers who may need more in-depth clinical evaluation for attentional problems. 相似文献
287.
James?D.?ChurchillEmail author Jennifer?L.?Gerson Kendra?A.?Hinton Jennifer?L.?Mifek Michael?J.?Walter Cynthia?L.?Winslow Richard?A.?Deyo 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,37(3):178-187
Previous studies have shown that crude ginseng extracts enhance performance on shock-motivated tasks. Whether such performance
enhancements are due to memory-enhancing (nootropic) properties of ginseng, or to other non-specific effects such as an influence
on anxiety has not been determined. In the present study, we evaluated both the nootropic and anxiolytic effects of the ginseng
saponin Rb1. In the first experiment, 80 five-day-old male chicks received intraperitoneal injections of 0, 0.25, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg Rb1. Performance on a visual discrimination task was uvaluted 15 minutes, 24 and 72 hours later. Acquisition of a visual discrimination
task was unaffected by drug treatment, but the number of errors was significantly reduced in the 0.25 mg/kg group during retention
trials completed 24 and 72 hours after injection. Animals receiving higher dosages showed trends towards enhancement initially,
but demonstrated impaired performance when tested 72 hours later. Rb1 had no effect on response rates or body weight. In the second experiment, 64 five-day-old male chicks received similar injections
of Rb1 (0, 0.25, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) and separation distress was evaluated 15 minutes, 24 and 72 hours later. Rb1 produced a change in separation distress that depended on the dose and environmental condition under which distress was recorded.
These data suggest that Rb1 can improve memory for a visual discrimination task and that the nootropic effect may be related to changes in anxiety. 相似文献
288.
Three experiments asked whether phonotactic regularities not present in English could be acquired by adult English speakers from brief listening experience. Subjects listened to consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables displaying restrictions on consonant position. Responses in a later speeded repetition task revealed rapid learning of (a) first-order regularities in which consonants were restricted to particular positions (e.g. [baep] not *[paeb]), and (b) second-order regularities in which consonant position depended on the adjacent vowel (e.g. [baep] or [pIb], not *[paeb] or *[bIp]). No evidence of learning was found for second-order regularities in which consonant position depended on speaker's voice. These results demonstrated that phonotactic constraints are rapidly learned from listening experience and that some types of contingencies (consonant-vowel) are more easily learned than others (consonant-voice). 相似文献
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